Yakagadzirwa naTodd Brady naStephen H. Miller, iyo CDTC inotonhora yakaumbwa (CFSF) (inozivikanwawo se "light gauge") furemu pakutanga yaive imwe nzira kune huni, asi mushure memakumi emakore ebasa rehasha, yakazoita chikamu chayo. Sehuni dzakapedzwa muvezi, mbiru dzesimbi nemakwara zvinogona kutemwa nekubatanidzwa kuti zvigadzire zvimiro zvakaomarara. Nekudaro, kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika hapasati pave nekumisikidzwa kwechokwadi kwezvikamu kana makomisheni. Gomba rega rega rakakasharara kana chimwe chinhu chakakosha chechimiro chinofanirwa kutsanangurwa wega neInjiniya yeRekodha (EOR). Makontrakta haaiti nguva dzose achitevedzera aya mapurojekiti chaiwo, uye anogona “kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana” kwenguva yakareba. Pasinei neizvi, kune misiyano yakakura muhutano hwekusangana kwemunda.
Pakupedzisira, kujairana kunobereka kusagutsikana, uye kusagutsikana kunokurudzira hutsva. Nhengo itsva dzekugadzira (kupfuura chiyero cheC-Studs neU-Tracks) haingowanikwi chete uchishandisa nzira dzepamusoro dzekuumba, asi dzinogonawo kugadzirwa-engineered/pre-approved kune zvinodiwa chaizvo zvekuvandudza danho reCFSF maererano nekugadzira nekuvaka. .
Zvimiro zvakamisikidzwa, zvakavakwa-zvinangwa zvinopindirana nezvirevo zvinogona kuita mabasa mazhinji nenzira inowirirana, zvichipa kuita kuri nani uye kwakavimbika. Ivo vanorerutsa kudonongodza uye kupa mhinduro iri nyore kune makondirakiti kuisa nemazvo. Vanomhanyisa zvakare kuvaka uye vanoita kuti kuongorora kuve nyore, kuchengetedza nguva uye kunetseka. Izvi zvakamisikidzwa zvikamu zvakare zvinovandudza kuchengetedzeka kwenzvimbo yebasa nekudzikisa kucheka, kusangana, screwdriving uye welding mutengo.
Kudzidzira kwakajairwa pasina CFSF mipimo yave chikamu chinogamuchirwa chenzvimbo zvekuti zvakaoma kufungidzira kutengeserana kana kukwira kwekugara kwekuvaka pasina iyo. Uku kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwakawanikwa munguva pfupi uye hakuna kushandiswa zvakanyanya kusvika pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II.
Yekutanga CFSF dhizaini chiyero chakaburitswa muna 1946 neAmerican Iron uye Steel Institute (AISI). Iyo yazvino vhezheni, AISI S 200-07 (North American Standard yeCold Formed Steel Framing - General), ikozvino ndiyo yakajairika muCanada, USA neMexico.
Basic standardization yakaita mutsauko mukuru uye CFSF yakave yakakurumbira nzira yekuvaka, ingave yaitakura mitoro kana isingatakure. Zvayakanakira zvinosanganisira:
Sezvo hunyanzvi seyeye AISI chiyero, haina codify zvese. Vagadziri uye makondirakiti vachiri nezvakawanda zvekusarudza.
Iyo CFSF sisitimu yakavakirwa pazvitubu uye njanji. Maturu esimbi, sematanda ematanda, zvinhu zvakamira. Vanowanzoita C-shaped cross-section, ine "pamusoro" uye "pasi" yeC ichigadzira chidimbu chakamanikana chestud (flange yayo). Madhairekitori akachinjika furemu zvinhu (zvikumbaridzo uye lintels), iine U-chimiro chekugadzika racks. Rack saizi dzinowanzofanana nezita rekuti "2×" matanda: 41 x 89 mm (1 5/8 x 3 ½ inches) i "2 x 4" uye 41 x 140 mm (1 5/8 x 5). ½ inch) yakaenzana ne “2×6″. Mune iyi mienzaniso, iyo 41 mm dimension inonzi "sherufu" uye iyo 89 mm kana 140 mm dimension inonzi "web", pfungwa dzekukwereta dzinozivikanwa kubva kune inopisa yakakungurutswa simbi uye yakafanana I-beam mhando nhengo. Saizi yenzira inoenderana nehupamhi hwese hweiyo stud.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, zvinhu zvakasimba zvaidiwa nepurojekiti zvaifanira kutsanangurwa neEOR uye kuunganidzwa panzvimbo pachishandiswa musanganiswa wecombo studs uye njanji, pamwe chete neC- uye U-yakaumbwa zvinhu. Iyo chaiyo yekumisikidza inowanzopihwa kune kontrakta uye kunyangwe mukati meiyo purojekiti inogona kusiyana zvakanyanya. Zvakadaro, makumi emakore echiitiko cheCFSF akatungamira mukucherechedzwa kwekugumira kweaya mafomu akakosha uye matambudziko ane chekuita nawo.
Semuenzaniso, mvura inogona kuungana muzasi njanji yemadziro emadziro kana iyo stud inovhurwa panguva yekuvaka. Kuvepo kwesawdust, bepa, kana zvimwe zviwanikwa zvinogona kukonzera mold kana mamwe matambudziko ane hunyoro, kusanganisira kuparara kwewallwall kana kukwezva tupukanana kuseri kwefenzi. Dambudziko rakafanana rinogona kuitika kana mvura ikapinda mumadziro akapera uye ichiunganidza kubva mukukonyeka, kudonha, kana kurasika.
Imwe mhinduro inzira yakakosha ine maburi akaboorwa kuitira mvura. Magadzirirwo akavandudzwa e stud ari mukuvandudzwa. Dzinoratidza zvinhu zvitsva zvakadai sembabvu dzakaiswa zvine hungwaru dzinochinjika muchikamu chemuchinjiko kuti dziwedzere kuoma. Iyo yakashongedzwa pamusoro peiyo stud inodzivirira screw kubva "kufamba", zvichikonzera kubatana kwakachena uye yunifomu inopera. Idzi gadziriso diki, dzakapetwa nemakumi ezviuru zvemaspike, dzinogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura papurojekiti.
Kuenda mhiri kwezvitutu nenjanji Matudhi echinyakare nenjanji anowanzo kukwana kumadziro ari nyore asina maburi. Mitoro inogona kusanganisira uremu hwemadziro pachayo, kupedzisa uye midziyo pairi, uremu hwemhepo, uye kune mamwe madziro anosanganisira mitoro yekusingaperi uye yenguva pfupi kubva padenga kana pasi kumusoro. Mitoro iyi inotapurirwa kubva kumusoro njanji kusvika kumbiru, kuzasi njanji, uye kubva ipapo kusvika kune hwaro kana zvimwe zvikamu zve superstructure (semuenzaniso kongiri dhizaini kana structural simbi mbiru uye matanda).
Kana paine pakavhurika (RO) mumadziro (senge gonhi, hwindo, kana hombe HVAC duct), mutoro unobva pamusoro pekuvhura unofanirwa kutamiswa uchitenderedza. Iyo lintel inofanira kunge yakasimba zvakakwana kuti itsigire mutoro kubva kune imwe kana kupfuura inonzi studs (uye yakasungirirwa drywall) pamusoro peiyo lintel uye kuiendesa kune jamb studs (RO vertical nhengo).
Saizvozvowo, mbiru dzemusuwo dzinofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti dzitakure mutoro wakakura kupfuura mbiru dzenguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, munzvimbo dzomukati, buri rinofanira kuva rakasimba zvakakwana kuti ritsigire huremu hwewallwall pamusoro pepakazaruka (kureva, 29 kg/m2 [6 lbs per square foot] [imwe layer ye16 mm (5/8 inch) padivi pepurasita] kana kuti 54 kg/m2 [mapaundi 11 paskweya fiti] nokuda kwechidziro chemaawa maviri [mabhachi maviri epurasita mamirimita 16 padivi]), pamwe nekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kazhinji kurema gonhi uye kushanda kwayo inertial. Munzvimbo dzekunze, kuvhurika kunofanirwa kukwanisa kumira nemhepo, kudengenyeka kwenyika uye mitoro yakafanana.
Muchinyakare CFSF dhizaini, iyo misoro uye sill posts inogadzirwa panzvimbo nekubatanidza akajairwa slats uye njanji kuita yakasimba unit. Yakajairika reverse osmosis manifold, inozivikanwa sekaseti manifold, inogadzirwa nekupusha uye/kana welding zvidimbu zvishanu pamwechete. Maturu maviri akakomberedzwa nenjanji mbiri, uye njanji yechitatu inonamirwa kumusoro negomba rakatarisa kumusoro kuti riise danda pamusoro pegomba (Mufananidzo 1). Imwe mhando yebhokisi rekubatanidza rinosanganisira zvikamu zvina chete: matudhi maviri uye maviri madhairekitori. Imwe yacho ine zvikamu zvitatu - makwara maviri uye hairpin. Iwo chaiwo maitiro ekugadzira ezvikamu izvi haana kumira, asi anosiyana pakati pemakondirakiti uye kunyangwe vashandi.
Kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwecombinatorial kunogona kukonzera akati wandei matambudziko, yakazviratidza muindasitiri. Mutengo wechikamu cheinjiniya wanga wakakwira nekuti pakanga pasina zviyero, saka kuvhurika kwakashata kwaifanira kugadzirwa nekupedzwa mumwe nemumwe. Kucheka nekuunganidza zvinhu izvi zvinonyanya kushanda pasaiti kunowedzerawo kumitengo, kutambisa zvinhu, kunowedzera marara esaiti, uye kunowedzera njodzi yekuchengetedza nzvimbo. Uye zvakare, inogadzira mhando uye kuenderana nyaya dzinofanirwa kuve nehanya zvakanyanya nevagadziri vehunyanzvi. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kudzikisira kuwirirana, hunhu, uye kuvimbika kwefuremu, uye zvinogona zvakare kukanganisa kunaka kwekupedza drywall. (Ona "Bad Connection" kune mienzaniso yematambudziko aya.)
Yekubatanidza masisitimu Kubatanidza modular yekubatanidza kune racks kunogona zvakare kukonzera matambudziko ekunakisa. Metal kune simbi kupindirana kunokonzerwa nematabo pane modular manifold kunogona kukanganisa kupedzisa kwemadziro. Hapana chemukati chakaomeswa kana chivharo chekunze chinofanira kurara pasi papepa resimbi panobuda misoro yescrew. Nzvimbo dzakasimudzwa dzemadziro dzinogona kukonzera kuoneka kusaenzana kupera uye zvinoda rimwe basa rekugadzirisa kuvanza.
Imwe mhinduro kune dambudziko rekubatanidza ndeye kushandisa akagadzirira-akagadzirwa mabhanhire, asungirire pamatanda ejamb uye kurongedza majoini. Iyi nzira inogadzirisa hukama uye inobvisa kusawirirana kunokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwepa-site. Iyo clamp inobvisa kupindirana kwesimbi uye inoburitsa screw misoro pamadziro, ichivandudza kupera kwemadziro. Inogonawo kuderedza mari yekuisa vashandi nehafu. Kare, mumwe mushandi aifanira kubata musoro wemusoro mumwe achiuisa panzvimbo. Mune clip system, mushandi anoisa zvimedu obva adzvanya maatanidzi pazvimedu. Ichi chibatiso chinowanzo gadzirwa sechikamu chefabricated fitting system.
Chikonzero chekugadzira manifolds kubva kuzvidimbu zvakawanda zvesimbi yakabhenda ndeyekupa chimwe chinhu chakasimba kupfuura chidimbu chetrack kutsigira madziro pamusoro pekuvhura. Sezvo kupeta kuchiomesa simbi kudzivirira kuputika, kunyatsogadzira ma microbeam mundege yakakura yechinhu, mugumisiro mumwe chete unogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa chidimbu chesimbi chine mabhende mazhinji.
Iyi nheyo iri nyore kunzwisisa nekubata bepa nemaoko akatambanudzwa zvishoma. Kutanga, mapepa anopeta nepakati uye anotsvedza. Zvisinei, kana yakapetwa kamwe chete pakureba kwayo yobva yavhurwa (kuitira kuti bepa riite mugero wakaita V), kashoma kukotama nekudonha. Iyo yakawanda kupeta iwe yaunogadzira, iyo inoomesa ichave (mukati memimwe miganhu).
Iyo yakawanda yekubhenda nzira inoshandisa iyi mhedzisiro nekuwedzera akaturikidzana magrooves, chiteshi, uye zvishwe kune iyo yakazara chimiro. "Direct Strength Calculation" - nzira itsva inoshanda yekuongorora inobatsirwa nekombuta - yakatsiva yakajairika "Effective Width Calculation" uye yakabvumira maumbirwo akareruka kuti ashandurwe kuita akakodzera, anonyatso gadziriso kuti uwane mhedzisiro iri nani kubva kusimbi. Aya maitiro anogona kuoneka mune dzakawanda CFSF masisitimu. Aya maumbirwo, kunyanya kana uchishandisa simbi yakasimba (390 MPa (57 psi) pachinzvimbo cheyaimbova indasitiri chiyero che250 MPa (36 psi)), inogona kuvandudza kuita kwese kwechinhu pasina kukanganisa muhukuru, huremu, kana ukobvu. kuva. pane shanduko.
Panyaya yesimbi inotonhora, chimwe chinhu chinouya. Kutonhora kushanda kwesimbi, sekukotama, kunoshandura maitiro esimbi pachayo. Kusimba kwegoho uye kusimba kwekusimba kwechikamu chakagadziriswa chesimbi inowedzera, asi ductility inoderera. Zvikamu zvinoshanda zvakanyanya zvinowana zvakanyanya. Kufambira mberi mukuumbwa kwemapumburu kwakakonzera kukombama kwakasimba, zvichireva kuti simbi iri padyo neyakakombama inoda basa rakawanda kupfuura dhizaini rekugadzira roll. Iyo yakakura uye yakasimba mabhendi, iyo yakawanda simbi muchikamu ichasimbiswa nekushanda kunotonhora, ichiwedzera simba rose rechinhu.
Nzira dzenguva dzose dzakaumbwa neU dzine mabhendi maviri, C-studs ane mabhendi mana. Iyo pre-engineered yakagadziridzwa W manifold ine 14 mabhendi akarongwa kuti awedzere huwandu hwesimbi inoshinga kuramba kushushikana. Icho chidimbu chimwe chete mukugadziriswa uku chinogona kunge chiri chese chese chegonhi mukuvhurika kwakashata kwegonhi remusuwo.
Pakuvhura kwakapamhama kwazvo (kureva pamusoro pe2 m [7 ft]) kana mitoro yakakwira, polygon inogona kusimbiswa zvakare neinopinza yakaita W-yakakodzera. Inowedzera simbi uye mabhenji gumi nemana, zvichiunza huwandu hwese hwemabhendemu muchimiro chese kusvika pa 28. Inopinza inoiswa mukati meporikani ine maW inverted kuitira kuti maW maviri pamwe chete aite rough X-shape. Makumbo aW anoita seachinjika. Vakaisa zvidhori zvisipo pamusoro peRO, iyo yakabatwa munzvimbo ine screws. Izvi zvinoshandawo kana reinforcing insert yakaiswa.
Mabhenefiti makuru eiyi preformed musoro / clip system kumhanya, kuenderana uye yakagadziridzwa kupera. Nekusarudza yakasimirirwa prefabricated lintel system, senge yakatenderwa neInternational Code of Practice Committee Evaluation Service (ICC-ES), vagadziri vanogona kudoma zvinhu zvinoenderana nemutoro uye madziro mhando yekudzivirira moto zvinodiwa, uye kudzivirira kuve nekugadzira uye kutsanangura basa rega rega. , kuchengetedza nguva nezvinhu. (ICC-ES, International Codes Committee Evaluation Service, yakatenderwa neStandard Council of Canada [SCC]). Iyi prefabrication zvakare inova nechokwadi chekuti mazaru ebofu anovakwa semagadzirirwo, ane hunyoro hwechimiro uye hunhu, pasina kutsauka nekuda kwekucheka-chekwa uye kusangana.
Kuisa kuenderana kunovandudzwa zvakare sezvo ma clamps ane pre-akadhirowa maburi, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga uye kuisa majoini ane jamb studs. Inobvisa kupindirana kwesimbi pamadziro, inovandudza drywall pamusoro flatness uye inodzivirira kusaenzana.
Mukuwedzera, masisitimu akadaro ane mabhenefiti ezvakatipoteredza. Kuenzaniswa nezvikamu zvakasanganiswa, kushandiswa kwesimbi kwechimwe-chidimbu manifolds kunogona kuderedzwa kusvika ku40%. Sezvo izvi zvisingadi zvekunama, kuburitsa kunoenderana nemagasi ane chepfu kunobviswa.
Wide Flange Studs Traditional studs inogadzirwa nekujoinha (screwing uye/kana welding) two or more studs. Kunyange zvazvo vane simba, vanogonawo kugadzira matambudziko avo. Izvo zviri nyore kwazvo kuunganidza kusati kwaiswa, kunyanya kana zvasvika kune soldering. Nekudaro, izvi zvinovharira kupinda kune iyo stud chikamu chakasungirirwa kune Hollow Metal Frame (HMF) gonhi.
Imwe mhinduro ndeyekucheka buri mune imwe yekumusoro kuti ubatanidze kune furemu kubva mukati memusangano wakatwasuka. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kuita kuti kuongorora kuve kwakaoma uye kunoda rimwe basa. Inspectors vanozivikanwa nekusimbirira kubatanidza HMF kune imwe hafu yegonhi remusuwo uye nekuiongorora, vobva vapinza hafu yechipiri yeaviri stud assembly panzvimbo. Izvi zvinomisa basa rese rakatenderedza pamusuwo, zvinogona kunonoka rimwe basa, uye zvinoda kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwemoto nekuda kweiyo-saiti welding.
Prefabricated wide-shoulder studs (yakanyanya kugadzirwa sejamb studs) inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yema stackable studs, kuchengetedza yakakosha nguva uye zvinhu. Idzo nyaya dzekuwana dzakabatana nemusuwo weHMF dzinogadziriswawo sezvo iyo C side yakavhurika inobvumira kusakanganiswa kupinda uye kuongorora nyore. Iyo yakavhurika C-chimiro inopawo kuvharika kwakazara uko akasanganiswa maseru uye jamb mbiru anowanzo gadzira gap re102 kusvika 152 mm (4 kusvika 6 inches) mukudzivirira kutenderedza gonhi.
Zvisungo pamusoro pemadziro Imwe nharaunda yedhizaini yakabatsirwa nehunyanzvi ndeyekubatanidza kumusoro kwemadziro kune yepamusoro dhizaini. Chinhambwe kubva kune imwe pasi kuenda kune imwe chinogona kusiyanisa zvishoma nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwekusiyana kwedeck deflection pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ekurodha. Kune masvingo asina kutakura, panofanira kuva nepakati pakati pepamusoro pezviputi uye panhizha, izvi zvinobvumira dhidhi kuti iende pasi pasina kupwanya zviputi. Iyo puratifomu inofanirwawo kukwanisa kusimuka isina kutyora maturu. Iyo clearance inosvika 12.5 mm (½ in.), inova hafu yekushivirira kwekufamba kwe ± 12.5 mm.
Mhinduro mbiri dzechinyakare dzinotonga. Imwe ndeyekubatanidza njanji refu (50 kana 60 mm (2 kana 2.5 mukati)) kune dhizaini, nematipi e stud anongopinzwa munjanji, asina kuchengetedzwa. Kuti zvidziviso zvirege kumonyoroka uye kurasikirwa nehunhu hwazvo, chidimbu chegwara rinotonhora rakakungurutswa rinopinzwa nepaburi riri pachinhambwe che 150 mm (6 inches) kubva pamusoro pemadziro. Consuming process Maitiro acho haafarirwe nemakondirakiti. Mukuedza kucheka makona, mamwe makondirakiti angatosiya nzira inotonhora inokungurutswa nekuisa matudhi panjanji pasina nzira yekuabata panzvimbo kana kuaenzanisa. Izvi zvinotyora ASTM C 754 Yakajairwa Kudzidzira Kuisa Simbi Yekumisikidza Nhengo Kugadzira Threaded Drywall Zvigadzirwa, iyo inotaura kuti matudhi anofanirwa kusungirirwa kune njanji ine screws. Kana kutsauka uku kubva pakugadzira kusingaonekwi, kunokanganisa kunaka kwemadziro akapedzwa.
Imwe mhinduro yakashandiswa zvakanyanya ndeye kaviri track dhizaini. Iyo yakajairika track inoiswa pamusoro pezvitubu uye imwe neimwe stud yakavharirwa kwairi. Yechipiri, yakagadzirwa-yakajairwa, yakafara track inoiswa pamusoro pekutanga uye yakabatana kune yepamusoro dhizaini. Maturu akajairika anogona kutsvedza kumusoro nekudzika mukati memateki etsika.
Mhinduro dzinoverengeka dzakagadzirirwa basa iri, zvese izvo zvinosanganisira zvakakosha zvikamu zvinopa slotted yekubatanidza. Misiyano inosanganisira rudzi rweiyo slotted track kana rudzi rwekipi yakatsvetwa inoshandiswa kubatanidza track kune deki. Semuyenzaniso, chengetedza njanji yakatsvetwa kuzasi kwedeki uchishandisa nzira yekusimbisa yakakodzera kune chaiyo dhiki zvinhu. Iwo akatsvetwa screws anonamirwa kumusoro kwezvitubu (maererano neASTM C 754) zvichibvumira chinongedzo kuti chiende kumusoro nekudzika mukati meanenge 25 mm (1 inch).
Mune firewall, zvibatanidza zvinoyangarara zvakadaro zvinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kubva kumoto. Pazasi pe grooved simbi dhizaini yakazadzwa nekongiri, iyo inodzoreredza moto zvinhu inofanirwa kukwanisa kuzadza nzvimbo isina kuenzana pazasi pegorofu uye kuchengetedza basa rayo rekudzivirira moto sezvo chinhambwe chiri pakati pepamusoro pemadziro uye deck inoshanduka. Zvikamu zvakashandiswa pajoinhi iyi zvakaedzwa zvinoenderana neASTM E 2837-11 itsva (Standard Test Method yeKuona Kupokana neMoto yeSolid Wall Head Joint Systems Yakaiswa Pakati Yakatemerwa Wall Zvikamu uye Non-Rated Horizontal Components). Iyo chiyero chakavakirwa paUnderwriters Laboratories (UL) 2079, "Kuyedza Moto Kwekuvaka Kubatanidza Sisitimu".
Kubatsira kwekushandisa kubatanidzwa kwakatsaurirwa pamusoro pemadziro ndeyekuti inogona kusanganisira yakaenzana, code-yakagamuchirwa, magungano asingadziviriri moto. Chimiro chekuvaka ndechekuisa refractory pane dhizaini uye kurembera mashoma masendimita pamusoro pemadziro kune ese divi. Sezvinongoita madziro anogona kutsvedza achikwira nekudzika zvakasununguka mumudziyo weguva, anogona kutsvedza achikwira nekudzika mujoini yemoto zvakare. Zvishandiso zvechikamu ichi zvinogona kusanganisira mineral wool, cemented structural steel refractory, kana drywall, inoshandiswa yoga kana musanganiswa. Masisitimu akadai anofanirwa kuyedzwa, kubvumidzwa uye kunyorwa mumakatalogi akadai seUnderwriters Laboratories yeCanada (ULC).
Mhedziso Standardization ndiyo hwaro hwezvese zvivakwa zvemazuva ano. Sezvineiwo, pane kushomeka kwe "standard maitiro" kana zvasvika pakutonhora kuumbwa kwesimbi kuumbwa, uye hutsva hunotyora tsika idzi zvakare vanogadzira zviyero.
Kushandiswa kweaya akamisikidzwa masisitimu anogona kuchengetedza vagadziri uye varidzi, kuchengetedza yakakosha nguva nemari, uye kugadzirisa kuchengetedzwa kwesaiti. Vanounza kuwirirana pakuvaka uye vanogona kushanda sezvavanoda pane kuvaka masisitimu. Nemusanganiswa wekureruka, kusimba uye kugona, CFSF inogona kuwedzera chikamu chayo chemusika wekuvaka, pasina mubvunzo ichikurudzira humwe hunyanzvi.
Todd Brady is President of Brady Construction Innovations and inventor of the ProX manifold roughing system and the Slp-Trk wall cap solution. He is a metal beam specialist with 30 years of experience in the field and contract work. Brady can be contacted by email: bradyinnovations@gmail.com.
Stephen H. Miller, CDT munyori akahwina mubairo uye mutori wemifananidzo anoshanda nebasa rekuvaka. Ndiye mutungamiriri wekugadzira weChusid Associates, femu yekubvunza inopa kushambadzira uye tekinoroji masevhisi kuvakisa vanogadzira zvigadzirwa. Miller anogona kubatwa pa www.chusid.com.
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Nguva yekutumira: Jul-07-2023