Kushandiswa kwegirazi rakaonda kunovimbisa kuzadzisa mabasa akasiyana-siyana muindasitiri yekuvaka. Pamusoro pezvakanakira zvakatipoteredza zvekushandisa zvakanyanya zviwanikwa, vavaki vanogona kushandisa girazi rakatetepa kuti vawane madhigirii matsva erusununguko rwekugadzira. Zvichienderana nedzidziso yesangweji, girazi rakatetepa rinogona kusanganiswa ne 3D yakadhindwa yakavhurika-sero polymer musimboti kuumba yakanyanya kuomarara uye kureruka.
composite elements. Ichi chinyorwa chinopa kuedza kwekuongorora pakugadzirwa kwedhijitari kwemagirazi matete-composite façade mapaneru uchishandisa marobhoti eindasitiri. Inotsanangura iyo pfungwa yekudhijita fekitori-ku-fekitari workflows, kusanganisira komputa-inobatsira dhizaini (CAD), engineering (CAE), uye kugadzira (CAM). Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza parametric dhizaini dhizaini inogonesa isina musono kubatanidzwa kwedhijitari yekuongorora maturusi.
Pamusoro pezvo, maitiro aya anoratidza kugona uye matambudziko ekugadzira dhijitari yakaonda magirazi anoumba mapaneru. Mamwe ematanho ekugadzira anoitwa neindasitiri yerobhoti ruoko, senge hombe-fomati yekuwedzera yekugadzira, pamusoro machining, gluing uye magungano maitiro, anotsanangurwa pano. Pakupedzisira, kekutanga, kunzwisiswa kwakadzama kwema mechanical properties ye composite panels kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuedza uye nhamba yezvidzidzo uye kuongororwa kwemaitiro emagetsi emapuranga ekubatanidza pasi pekutakura kwepamusoro. Pfungwa yese yedhizaini yedhizaini uye yekugadzira mafambiro ekushanda, pamwe nemhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvekuyedza, inopa hwaro hwekuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwekutsanangurwa kwechimiro uye nzira dzekuongorora, pamwe nekuita zvidzidzo zvakakura zvemakanika muzvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi.
Digital kugadzira nzira dzinotibvumira kuvandudza kugadzirwa nekushandura nzira dzechinyakare uye nekupa mitsva yekugadzira mikana [1]. Nzira dzechinyakare dzekuvaka dzinowanzoshandisa zvakanyanya zvinhu maererano nemutengo, basic geometry, uye chengetedzo. Nekufambisa kuvaka kumafekitori, uchishandisa modular prefabrication uye marobhoti kuita nzira nyowani dzekugadzira, zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa nemazvo pasina kukanganisa kuchengetedza. Kugadzirwa kwedhijitari kunotibvumira kuwedzera fungidziro yedu yekugadzira kuti tigadzire akawanda akasiyana, anoshanda uye ane chishuwo maumbirwo ejometri. Nepo dhizaini uye maverengero ekuverenga akave zvakanyanya kudhijitari, kugadzira uye kuunganidza zvichiri kunyanya kuitwa nemaoko nenzira dzechinyakare. Kuti utsungirire nekuwedzera kuoma kwemahara-fomu zvimiro, madhijitari ekugadzira maitiro ari kuwedzera kukosha. Chido cherusununguko uye dhizaini inochinjika, kunyanya kana zvasvika kune facades, iri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. Pamusoro peiyo yekuona maitiro, yemahara-fomu facades zvakare inobvumidza iwe kuti ugadzire zvakanyanya kushanda zvimiro, semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekushandisa membrane mhedzisiro [2]. Uye zvakare, iyo yakakura kugona kwedhijitari yekugadzira maitiro iri mukubudirira kwavo uye mukana wekugadzirisa dhizaini.
Chinyorwa ichi chinoongorora kuti tekinoroji yedhijitari inogona kushandiswa sei kugadzira nekugadzira inovamba composite façade pani ine yekuwedzera yakagadzirwa polymer core uye yakasungirirwa magirazi matete ekunze mapaneru. Pamusoro pemikana mitsva yekuvaka yakabatana nekushandiswa kwegirazi rakatetepa, maitiro ezvakatipoteredza uye ehupfumi akavewo akakosha kukurudzira kwekushandisa zvinhu zvishoma kugadzira envelopu yekuvaka. Nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kushomeka kwezviwanikwa uye kukwira kwemitengo yesimba mune ramangwana, girazi rinofanira kushandiswa zvine hungwaru. Kushandiswa kwegirazi rakatetepa isingasviki 2 mm gobvu kubva kuindasitiri yemagetsi kunoita kuti façade ive chiedza uye inoderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu.
Nekuda kwekuchinjika kwakakwirira kwegirazi rakatetepa, inovhura mikana mitsva yezvishandiso zvekuvaka uye panguva imwechete inounza matambudziko matsva einjiniya [3,4,5,6]. Nepo iko iko kushandiswa kwemapurojekiti efaçade uchishandisa girazi rakatetepa kushoma, girazi rakatetepa riri kuwedzera kushandiswa muinjiniya yehurumende uye zvidzidzo zvekuvaka. Nekuda kwekugona kwepamusoro kwegirazi rakatetepa kune elastic deformation, kushandiswa kwayo mumafacade kunoda kusimbiswa kwemaitiro mhinduro [7]. Pamusoro pekushandisa membrane mhedzisiro nekuda kweyakakombama geometry [8], iyo nguva yeinertia inogona zvakare kuwedzerwa neyakasiyana-siyana chimiro chinosanganisira polymer core uye yakanamirwa yakatetepa girazi rekunze pepa. Iyi nzira yakaratidza kuvimbiswa nekuda kwekushandiswa kweiyo yakaoma transparent polycarbonate core, iyo isina kusimba kupfuura girazi. Kuwedzera kune yakanaka mechanical chiito, mamwe maitiro ekuchengetedza akasangana [9].
Maitiro ari muchidzidzo chinotevera anobva pane imwe pfungwa, asi kushandisa yakawedzera yakagadzirwa yakavhurika-pore translucent core. Izvi zvinovimbisa dhigirii yepamusoro yerusununguko rwejometri uye mikana yekugadzira, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwemabasa emuviri echivako [10]. Mapaneru akaumbwa akadaro aratidza kuti anoshanda zvakanyanya mukuyedzwa kwemuchina [11] uye anovimbisa kuderedza huwandu hwegirazi rinoshandiswa ne80%. Izvi hazvizongoderedza zviwanikwa zvinodiwa, asiwo zvakanyanya kuderedza uremu hwemapuranga, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kushanda kweiyo substructure. Asi zvimiro zvitsva zvekuvaka zvinoda nzira itsva dzekugadzira. Zvimiro zvinobudirira zvinoda maitiro ekugadzira. Dhijitari dhizaini inobatsira mukugadzirwa kwedhijitari. Ichi chinyorwa chinoenderera mberi netsvakiridzo yemunyori nekupa chidzidzo chedhijitari yekugadzira maitiro emagirazi matete anoumba mapaneru emarobhoti eindasitiri. Tarisiro iri pakuita digitizing iyo faira-ku-fekitari yekufambisa kweyekutanga yakakura-fomati prototypes kuwedzera otomatiki maitiro ekugadzira.
Iyo composite panel (Mufananidzo 1) ine magirazi maviri akatetepa akafukidzwa akaputirwa ne AM polymer musimboti. Zvikamu zviviri zvakabatanidzwa neglue. Chinangwa chekugadzirwa uku ndechekugovera mutoro pamusoro pechikamu chose zvinobudirira sezvinobvira. Nguva dzekupeta dzinogadzira kushushikana kwakajairika mugoko. Masimba anotevera anokonzera kushushikana kweshear mukati mepakati uye majoini anonamira.
Iyo yekunze dhizaini yechimiro chesangweji inogadzirwa negirazi rakatetepa. Muchidimbu, soda-lime silicate girazi ichashandiswa. Nechinangwa chakakora <2 mm, iyo yekupisa yekupisa inosvika painogumira tekinoroji. Kemikari yakasimbiswa aluminosilicate girazi inogona kutariswa zvakanyanya yakakodzera kana simba repamusoro richidikanwa nekuda kwekugadzira (semuenzaniso kutonhora kwakapetwa mapaneru) kana kushandisa [12]. Iyo mwenje wekufambisa uye mabasa ekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza anozowedzerwa neakanaka makina zvivakwa seyakanaka kukwenya kuramba uye yakakwira yakakwira Young's modulus kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumacomposites. Nekuda kwehukuru hushoma huripo hwekemikari yakaomeswa girazi rakatetepa, mapaneru akazara hasha 3 mm gobvu soda-lime girazi akashandiswa kugadzira yekutanga yakakura-chiyero prototype.
Chimiro chekutsigira chinoonekwa sechikamu chakaumbwa chepaneru inoumbwa. Zvinenge zvimiro zvese zvinokanganiswa nazvo. Kutenda kune yekuwedzera yekugadzira nzira, iri zvakare pakati peiyo dhijitari yekugadzira maitiro. Thermoplastics inogadziriswa nekubatanidza. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa nhamba yakakura yemapolymer akasiyana kune chaiwo maapplication. Iyo topology yezvinhu zvikuru inogona kugadzirwa nekusimbisa kwakasiyana zvichienderana nebasa ravo. Nechinangwa ichi, dhizaini yechimiro inogona kukamurwa kuva anotevera mana edhizaini mapoka: dhizaini yedhizaini, dhizaini inoshanda, dhizaini yekugadzira, uye dhizaini yekugadzira. Chikamu chega chega chinogona kuva nezvinangwa zvakasiyana, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kune akasiyana topology.
Munguva yekudzidza kwekutanga, mamwe emhando huru akaedzwa kuti akwanise kugadzirwa kwavo [11]. Kubva pane mechanical point yekuona, iyo mitatu-nguva shoma yepakati pepamusoro pegyroscope inonyanya kushanda. Izvi zvinopa yakakwirira mechanical kuramba kukotama panguva yakaderera zvinhu kushandiswa. Pamusoro pemaserura ekutanga zvimiro akaburitswa munzvimbo dzepamusoro, iyo topology inogona zvakare kugadzirwa nemamwe maitiro ekutsvaga chimiro. Stress line generation ndiyo imwe yenzira dzinobvira dzekuwedzera kuomarara pahuremu hwakaderera [13]. Nekudaro, iyo mizinga yehuchi, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka sandwich, yakashandiswa senzvimbo yekutanga kusimudzira mutsara wekugadzira. Iri fomu rekutanga rinotungamira mukufambira mberi nekukurumidza mukugadzira, kunyanya kuburikidza nekureruka kwekushandisa hurongwa. Hunhu hwayo mumapaneru akaumbwa akadzidzwa zvakanyanya [14, 15, 16] uye chitarisiko chinogona kuchinjwa nenzira dzakawanda kuburikidza neparameterization uye inogona kushandiswawo kwekutanga optimization pfungwa.
Kune akawanda thermoplastic mapolymers ekufunga nezvazvo pakusarudza polymer, zvichienderana neextrusion process inoshandiswa. Zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvezvidiki-zvidiki zvakaderedza huwandu hwemapolymer anoonekwa akakodzera kushandiswa mumafacade [11]. Polycarbonate (PC) iri kuvimbisa nekuda kwekudzivirira kwayo kupisa, UV kuramba uye kusimba kwakanyanya. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehunyanzvi uye kwemari mari inodiwa kugadzirisa polycarbonate, ethylene glycol yakagadziridzwa polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) yakashandiswa kugadzira yekutanga prototypes. Zvinonyanya nyore kugadzirisa pane tembiricha yakaderera ine njodzi yakaderera yekushushikana kwekupisa uye chikamu deformation. Iyo prototype inoratidzwa pano inogadzirwa kubva kune yakadzokororwa PETG inonzi PIPG. Nyaya yacho yakamboomeswa pa60 ° C kweinenge 4 h uye yakagadziriswa kuva granules ine girazi fiber content ye20% [17].
Iyo inonamira inopa chisungo chakasimba pakati peiyo polymer musimboti chimiro uye yakatetepa girazi chivharo. Kana mapaneru anoumbwa akaiswa pasi pekukotama mitoro, majoini ekunamatira anoiswa pasi pekunetseka kweshear. Naizvozvo, adhesive yakaoma inosarudzwa uye inogona kuderedza kutsauka. Clear adhesives inobatsirawo kupa yakakwirira yekuona mhando kana yakasungirirwa kune yakajeka girazi. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakusarudza chinonamira kuita uye kubatanidzwa mune otomatiki kugadzirwa maitiro. Pano UV yekurapa inonamira ine inochinjika yekurapa nguva inogona kurerutsa zvakanyanya kuiswa kweakavharira machira. Zvichienderana nemiedzo yekutanga, nhevedzano yeanamira yakaedzwa kuti inokodzera girazi rakatetepa rinoumbwa mapaneru [18]. Loctite® AA 3345 ™ UV inorapika acrylate [19] yakaratidza kuve yakakosha kune inotevera maitiro.
Kutora mukana wemikana yekuwedzera yekugadzira uye kuchinjika kwegirazi rakatetepa, iyo yese maitiro akagadzirirwa kushanda dijitari uye parametrically. Grasshopper inoshandiswa senge inoonekwa programming interface, ichidzivirira kupindirana pakati pezvirongwa zvakasiyana. Zvese zvidzidzo (engineering, engineering nekugadzira) zvinotsigira uye zvinopindirana mune imwe faira nemhinduro yakananga kubva kune anoshanda. Panguva ino yechidzidzo, kufambiswa kwebasa kuchiri kukudziridzwa uye kunotevera muenzaniso wakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2. Zvinangwa zvakasiyana zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu mukati mezvidzidzo.
Kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwemasangweji mapaneru mubepa rino kwave kuchiitwa ne-user-centric dhizaini uye kugadzirira kwekugadzira, kubatanidzwa uye kusimbiswa kwezvishandiso zveinjiniya zvega hazvina kunyatsoitika. Kubva pane parametric dhizaini yefacade geometry, zvinokwanisika kugadzira ganda rekunze rechivako pane macro level (facade) uye meso (facade mapaneru). Munhanho yechipiri, iyo mainjiniya mhinduro loop ine chinangwa chekuongorora kuchengetedzeka uye kukodzera pamwe nekuita kwekugadzira keteni madziro. Pakupedzisira, mapaneru anoguma akagadzirira kugadzirwa kwedhijitari. Chirongwa ichi chinogadzirisa yakagadziridzwa musimboti chimiro mumushini-inoverengeka G-kodhi uye inoigadzirira yekuwedzera yekugadzira, inobvisa post-kugadzirisa uye girazi bonding.
Nzira yekugadzira inofungidzirwa pamatanho maviri akasiyana. Pamusoro pekuti iyo macro chimiro chemafacade inokanganisa iyo geometry yega yega inosanganiswa pani, iyo topology yepakati pachayo inogona zvakare kugadzirwa pameso level. Paunenge uchishandisa parametric façade model, chimiro uye chitarisiko chinogona kuchinjwa nemuenzaniso zvikamu zve façade uchishandisa slider inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3. Nokudaro, iyo yose yepasi inoumbwa ne-user-defined scalable surface inogona kukanganiswa nekushandisa pfungwa dzinokwezva uye kuchinjwa ne kutsanangura hushoma uye huwandu hwepamusoro hwe deformation. Izvi zvinopa huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuchinjika mukugadzira mavhopupu ekuvaka. Nekudaro, iyi dhigirii yerusununguko inoganhurwa nehunyanzvi uye zvipingaidzo zvekugadzira, izvo zvinozoridzwa nemaalgorithms muchikamu cheinjiniya.
Mukuwedzera kune hurefu uye hupamhi hwese façade, kupatsanurwa kwemapuranga emadziro kunotsanangurwa. Kana ari ega ega façade mapaneru, anogona kutsanangurwa zvakanyanya pameso level. Izvi zvinokanganisa topology yeiyo core structure pachayo, pamwe nehupamhi hwegirazi. Izvi zviviri zvakasiyana, pamwe nekukura kwepaneti, zvine hukama hwakakosha ne mechanical engineering modeling. Dhizaini uye kusimudzira kweiyo macro uye meso level inogona kuitwa maererano nekugadzirisa muzvikamu zvina zvechimiro, basa, aesthetics uye dhizaini yechigadzirwa. Vashandisi vanogona kukudziridza kutaridzika kwese uye kunzwa kweiyo envelopu yekuvaka nekuisa pamberi penzvimbo idzi.
Iyo purojekiti inotsigirwa nechikamu cheinjiniya uchishandisa loop yemhinduro. Kuti izvi zviitike, zvinangwa uye mamiriro emuganhu zvinotsanangurwa muchikamu chekugadzirisa chinoratidzwa muFig. 2. Vanopa makoridho anogoneka neunyanzvi, anonzwika mumuviri, uye akachengeteka kuvaka kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yeinjiniya yekuona, iyo ine simba guru pakugadzira. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yekutanga yezvishandiso zvakasiyana zvinogona kubatanidzwa zvakananga muGrasshopper. Mukuenderera mberi nekuferefeta, zvivakwa zvemakanika zvinogona kuongororwa uchishandisa Finite Element Analysis (FEM) kana kunyange analytical macalculation.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvidzidzo zveradio yezuva, mutsara-we-kuona ongororo, uye kupenya-kurebesa kwezuva kunogona kuongorora kukanganiswa kwemapanera anoumbwa pakuvaka fizikisi. Zvakakosha kuti usanyanya kudzikamisa kumhanya, kushanda zvakanaka uye kushanduka kwemaitiro ekugadzira. Saka nekudaro, mhedzisiro yakawanikwa pano yakagadzirirwa kupa humwe hutungamiriri nerutsigiro kune maitiro ekugadzira uye haisi inotsiva yekuongorora kwakadzama uye kururamisa pakupera kwemaitiro ekugadzira. Hurongwa uhwu hunoisa hwaro hwekutsvagisa tsvakiridzo yemhando yemhedzisiro dzakaratidzwa. Semuyenzaniso, zvishoma zvichiri kuzivikanwa nezve mashandiro emakanika emapaneru anoumbwa pasi pemitoro yakasiyana siyana uye mamiriro ekutsigira.
Kana iyo dhizaini uye engineering yapera, modhi yakagadzirira kugadzirwa kwedhijitari. Iyo nzira yekugadzira yakakamurwa kuita mana-matanho (Fig. 4). Chekutanga, chimiro chikuru chakawedzera kugadzirwa uchishandisa yakakura-yakakura marobhoti 3D yekudhinda nzvimbo. Iyo yepamusoro inobva yagayiwa uchishandisa iyo yakafanana robotic system yekuvandudza iyo yepamusoro mhando inodiwa pakubata kwakanaka. Mushure mekugaya, chinonamira chinoiswa padivi peiyo musimboti chimiro uchishandisa yakanyatso gadzirwa dosing system yakaiswa pane imwecheteyo marobhoti sisitimu inoshandiswa pakudhinda nekugaya. Pakupedzisira, girazi rinoiswa uye rinoradzikwa pamberi peUV kuporeswa kwejoint yakasungwa.
Kune yekuwedzera kugadzira, iyo yakatsanangurwa topology yepasi pechimiro inofanirwa kushandurirwa muCNC muchina mutauro (GCode). Kune yunifomu uye yemhando yepamusoro mhedzisiro, chinangwa ndechekudhinda yega yega pasina iyo extruder nozzle inodonha. Izvi zvinodzivirira kudzvinyirira kusingadiwi pakutanga uye kupera kwekufamba. Naizvozvo, inoenderera mberi trajectory chizvarwa script yakanyorerwa sero pateni iri kushandiswa. Izvi zvinogadzira parametric inoenderera mberi polyline ine imwechete yekutanga uye yekupedzisira mapoinzi, inochinjika kune yakasarudzwa yepaneru saizi, nhamba uye saizi yehuchi semagadzirirwo. Pamusoro pezvo, zvimiro zvakaita sehupamhi hwemutsara uye urefu hwemutsara zvinogona kutsanangurwa usati waisa mitsetse kuti uwane hurefu hunodiwa hwechimiro chikuru. Nhanho inotevera mune script ndeyekunyora iyo G-code mirairo.
Izvi zvinoitwa nekurekodha kurongeka kweimwe neimwe poindi pamutsara nekuwedzera ruzivo rwemuchina senge mamwe maekisi akakodzera ekumisikidza uye extrusion vhoriyamu kutonga. Iyo G-code inoguma inogona kuendeswa kumichina yekugadzira. Mumuenzaniso uyu, Comau NJ165 indasitiri yerobhoti ruoko pamutsara njanji inoshandiswa kudzora CEAD E25 extruder maererano neG-code (Figure 5). Yekutanga prototype yakashandiswa post-industrial PETG ine girazi faibha kugutsikana 20%. Panyaya yekuyedzwa kwemichina, saizi inotarirwa iri padyo nehukuru hweindasitiri yekuvaka, saka zviyero zvechinhu chikuru 1983 × 876 mm ne 6 × 4 masero euchi. 6 mm uye 2 mm kureba.
Miedzo yekutanga yakaratidza kuti pane mutsauko musimba rekunamira pakati pekunamira uye 3D yekudhinda resin zvinoenderana nepamusoro pezvivakwa zvayo. Kuti uite izvi, yekuwedzera yekugadzira bvunzo yemhando inonamirwa kana laminated kune girazi uye inoiswa pasi pekunetsekana kana kuveura. Munguva yepakutanga mechanical processing yepolymer pamusoro nekugaya, simba rakawedzera zvakanyanya (Fig. 6). Mukuwedzera, inovandudza flatness yepakati uye inodzivirira kukanganisa kunokonzerwa ne-over-extrusion. Iyo UV inorapika LOCTITE® AA 3345™ [19] acrylate inoshandiswa pano inonzwa nezvekugadzirisa mamiriro.
Izvi zvinowanzokonzera kutsauswa kwepamusoro kwemasamples ebvunzo dzebhondi. Mushure mekuwedzera kwekugadzira, iyo yepakati chimiro yakagayiwa pamushini wekugaya mbiri. Iyo G-code inodiwa pakuvhiya uku inogadzirwa otomatiki kubva kune turusi nzira dzakatogadzirwa kune iyo 3D kudhinda maitiro. Iyo yepakati chimiro inoda kudhindwa yakakwira zvishoma pane yainoda kureba yepakati. Mumuenzaniso uyu, iyo 18 mm gobvu musimboti chimiro chakaderedzwa kusvika 14 mm.
Ichi chikamu chemaitiro ekugadzira idambudziko rakakura kune yakazara otomatiki. Kushandiswa kwezvinonamira kunoisa zvakanyanya kudiwa pakurongeka uye kurongeka kwemichina. Iyo pneumatic dosing system inoshandiswa kuisa iyo inonamira parutivi rwepakati chimiro. Inotungamirirwa nerobhoti pamwe chete nechigayo chepamusoro maererano neyakatsanangurwa nzira yekushandisa. Zvinoitika kuti kutsiva iyo yechinyakare yekuparadzira tipi nebhurashi inonyanya kubatsira. Izvi zvinobvumira yakaderera viscosity adhesives kugoverwa zvakafanana nehuwandu. Iyi mari inotarwa nekudzvanywa muhurongwa uye nekumhanya kwerobhoti. Kuti uwane kunyatsojeka uye hupamhi hwekubatana, yakaderera yekumhanya ye200 kusvika 800 mm/min inosarudzwa.
Acrylate ine avhareji viscosity ye1500 mPa*s yakaiswa kumadziro epolymer core 6 mm yakafara uchishandisa dosing brashi ine mukati dhayamita 0.84 mm uye bhurasho hupamhi hwe5 pakumanikidzwa kwakaiswa kwe0.3 kusvika 0.6 mbar. mm. Iyo yekunamatira inozopararira pamusoro peiyo substrate uye inoita 1 mm gobvu layer nekuda kwekukakavadzana kwepamusoro. Iko chaiyo kutsunga kweiyo inonamira ukobvu haigone kuve otomatiki. Nguva yemaitiro ndiyo chiyero chakakosha chekusarudza adhesive. Chimiro chepakati chinogadzirwa pano chine hurefu hwemamita makumi maviri nematanhatu uye saka nguva yekushandisa ye30 kusvika 60 maminetsi.
Mushure mekuisa chishongedzo, isa hwindo rinopenya kaviri panzvimbo. Nekuda kwehunyoro hwakaderera hwezvinhu, girazi rakatetepa rakatove nekuremara zvakanyanya nehuremu hwaro uye saka rinofanirwa kuiswa zvakaenzana sezvinobvira. Nokuda kweizvi, pneumatic glass suction cups ine nguva-yakaparadzirwa makapu ekuyamwisa anoshandiswa. Inoiswa pane chikamu uchishandisa crane, uye mune ramangwana inogona kuiswa zvakananga kushandisa marobhoti. Girazi regirazi rakaiswa rakafanana nechepamusoro pepakati pane yakanamatira layer. Nekuda kwehuremu huremu, imwe girazi ndiro (4 kusvika 6 mm gobvu) inowedzera kumanikidza pairi.
Mhedzisiro yacho inofanirwa kuve yekunyorova kwakazara kwegirazi repamusoro padivi peiyo musimboti chimiro, sezvazvinogona kutongwa kubva kune yekutanga yekuona yekutarisa inooneka misiyano yemavara. Nzira yekushanda inogonawo kuva nemigumisiro inokosha pahutano hwekupedzisira yakasungirirwa. Kana yangosungwa, magirazi egirazi haafanire kufambiswa sezvo izvi zvichizoguma nekuona zvinonamira zvakasara pagirazi uye kukanganisa mune chaiyo yekunamatira layer. Pakupedzisira, chinonamira chinoporeswa nemwaranzi yeUV pahurefu hwe365 nm. Kuti uite izvi, mwenje weUV ine simba re 6 mW/cm2 inopfuudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro penzvimbo yese yekunamatira kwe60 s.
Iyo pfungwa yekureruka uye inogoneka yakatetepa girazi inoumbwa mapaneru ane akawedzera akagadzirwa polymer musimboti anokurukurwa pano anoitirwa kushandiswa mune ramangwana façades. Nekudaro, mapaneru anosanganisirwa anofanirwa kuenderana neanoshanda zviyero uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvesevhisi muganhu wenyika (SLS), yekupedzisira simba rekupedzisira nyika (ULS) uye kuchengetedza zvinodiwa. Naizvozvo, mapaneru anoumbwa anofanirwa kuve akachengeteka, akasimba, uye akaomarara zvakakwana kuti akwanise kutsungirira mitoro (senge mitoro yepamusoro) pasina kutyora kana kunyanyisa deformation. Kuongorora mhinduro yemuchina yemagirazi matete akaumbwa mapaneru (sezvinotsanangurwa muchikamu cheMechanical Testing), vakaiswa mukuyedzwa kwemhepo sezvakatsanangurwa muchikamu chinotevera.
Chinangwa chekuyedzwa kwemuviri ndechekudzidza ma mechanic properties ye composite panels ekunze kwemadziro pasi pemhepo mitoro. Kuti izvi zviitike, mapaneru akaumbwa anosanganisira 3 mm gobvu rakazara girazi rekunze pepa uye 14 mm gobvu rinowedzera rakagadzirwa musimboti (kubva kuPIPG-GF20) rakagadzirwa sezvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa uchishandisa Henkel Loctite AA 3345 adhesive (Fig. 7 kuruboshwe). )). . Mishonga inosanganiswa inobva yanamirwa kune huni hunotsigira furemu ine simbi screws iyo inofambiswa kuburikidza nehuni furemu uye mumativi eiyo huru chimiro. 30 screws akaiswa kutenderedza perimeter yepaneti (ona mutsara mutema kuruboshwe muFig. 7) kubereka mitsara yekutsigira mamiriro akatenderedza perimeter zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
Iyo bvunzo furemu yakazonamirwa kumadziro ekunze ekuyedza nekuisa mhepo yekumanikidza kana kusvetwa nemhepo kuseri kweiyo composite panel (Mufananidzo 7, kumusoro kurudyi). A digital correlation system (DIC) inoshandiswa kurekodha data. Kuti uite izvi, girasi rekunze rejasi rinosanganiswa rakafukidzwa nepeti yakaonda elastic yakadhindwa pairi nepearline noise pattern (Fig. 7, pasi kurudyi). DIC inoshandisa makamera maviri kurekodha nzvimbo yakaenzana yeese mapoinzi ekuyera pane yese girazi pamusoro. Mifananidzo miviri pasekondi yakanyorwa uye yakashandiswa kuongororwa. Kudzvinyirirwa mukamuri, yakakomberedzwa nemapaneru anoumbwa, inowedzerwa nenzira ye fan mu 1000 Pa increments kusvika kuhuwandu hunokosha hwe4000 Pa, kuitira kuti nhanho imwe neimwe yekutakura inochengetedzwa kwemasekonzi gumi.
Kugadziriswa kwemuviri kwekuedza kunomiririrwawo nenhamba yemuenzaniso ine zviyero zvakafanana zvejometri. Nokuda kweizvi, purogiramu yenhamba Ansys Mechanical inoshandiswa. Chimiro chepakati chaive geometric mesh ichishandisa SOLID 185 hexagonal elements ine 20 mm mativi egirazi uye SOLID 187 tetrahedral elements ine 3 mm mativi. Kurerutsa modhi, panguva ino yechidzidzo, inofungidzirwa pano kuti acrylate inoshandiswa yakanyatso kuomarara uye yakatetepa, uye inotsanangurwa sechisungo chakasimba pakati pegirazi nepakati zvinhu.
Mishonga inosanganiswa inogadziriswa mumutsara wakatwasuka kunze kwepakati, uye girasi regirazi rinoiswa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro kwe 4000 Pa. Kunyange zvazvo geometric nonlinearities yakatorwa mukuenzanisa mukuenzanisa, chete mutsara wezvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakashandiswa panguva ino ye kudzidza. Kunyangwe iyi iri fungidziro yechokwadi yeiyo mutsara elastic mhinduro yegirazi (E = 70,000 MPa), zvinoenderana nedata sheet remugadziri we (viscoelastic) polymeric core material [17], iyo linear kuomarara E = 8245 MPa yakashandiswa mukati. kuongororwa kwazvino kunofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya uye kuchadzidzwa mukutsvaga mune ramangwana.
Mibairo yaunzwa pano inoongororwa zvakanyanya kune deformation pamhepo huru inotakura kusvika 4000 Pa (= ˆ 4kN/m2). Nokuda kweizvi, mifananidzo yakanyorwa neDIC nzira yakaenzaniswa nemigumisiro yekufananidza nhamba (FEM) (Fig. 8, pasi kurudyi). Nepo dhizaini yakakwana ye0 mm ine "yakanaka" mutsara inotsigira munharaunda yekumucheto (kureva, mapaneru perimeter) inoverengerwa muFEM, kutamiswa kwepanyama kwenzvimbo yekumucheto kunofanirwa kuverengerwa pakuwongorora DIC. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuisa kushivirira uye deformation yebvunzo furemu uye zvisimbiso zvayo. Kuenzanisa, muvhareji wekutama munharaunda yemucheto (dashed white line muFig. 8) yakabviswa kubva pakukwirira kwepamusoro pakati pepaneti. Kutamiswa kwakatemwa neDIC neFEA kunofananidzwa muTable 1 uye kunoratidzwa zvine graphic mukona yekuruboshwe yeFig. 8.
Iwo mana akashandiswa mutoro mazinga emuenzaniso wekuyedza akashandiswa senzvimbo dzekudzora kuongororwa uye kuongororwa muFEM. Iyo yakanyanya kusimuka yepakati peplate inoumbwa munzvimbo isina kutakurwa yakatemwa neDIC kuyerwa pamwero wemutoro we4000 Pa pa2.18 mm. Nepo FEA kutamiswa pamitoro yakaderera (kusvika ku2000 Pa) ichikwanisa kunyatso kuburitsa maitiro ekuyedza, iyo isiri-mutsara yekuwedzera mukunetseka pamitoro yepamusoro haigone kuverengerwa nemazvo.
Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mapaneru anoumbwa anogona kumirisana nemhepo yakawandisa. Iyo yakakwirira kuomarara kweiyo lightweight panels inomira zvakanyanya. Uchishandisa masvomhu ekuongorora anoenderana nedzidziso yemutsara yeKirchhoff mahwendefa [20], deformation ye2.18 mm pa4000 Pa inowirirana nedeformation yeplate rimwe regirazi 12 mm gobvu pasi pemamiriro akafanana emuganhu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ukobvu hwegirazi (inove ine simba rakawanda mukugadzirwa) mune ino composite panel inogona kudzikiswa kusvika 2 x 3mm girazi, zvichikonzera kuchengetedza kwezvinhu zve50%. Kuderedza huremu hwese kwepaneti kunopa mamwe mabhenefiti maererano nekusangana. Nepo 30 kg composite panel inogona kubatwa nyore nevanhu vaviri, yechinyakare 50 kg girazi pani inoda rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi kuti ufambe zvakachengeteka. Kuti unyatso kumiririra maitiro emuchina, mamwe mamodheru enhamba anozodiwa muzvidzidzo zvinotevera. Finite element yekuongorora inogona kukwidziridzwa neakawanda akawedzera asiri emutsara emhando mhando dzemapolymers uye adhesive bond modelling.
Kuvandudzwa nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro edhijitari kunoita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza hupfumi uye kwezvakatipoteredza muindasitiri yekuvaka. Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa kwegirazi rakatetepa mumafaçade kunovimbisa simba nekuchengetedza zviwanikwa uye kunovhura mikana mitsva yezvivakwa. Nekudaro, nekuda kwehudiki hudiki hwegirazi, mitsva yekugadzira mhinduro inodiwa kuti isimbise zvakakwana girazi. Naizvozvo, chidzidzo chakapihwa muchinyorwa chino chinoongorora pfungwa yeanosanganiswa mapaneru akagadzirwa kubva mutete girazi uye akasungirirwa akasimbiswa 3D akadhindwa polymer musimboti zvimiro. Iyo yese yekugadzira maitiro kubva padhizaini kusvika pakugadzirwa yakave nedigitized uye otomatiki. Nerubatsiro rweGrasshopper, faira-ku-factory workflow yakagadziridzwa kuti igone kushandiswa kwegirazi rakatetepa rinoumbwa mapaneru mune ramangwana façades.
Kugadzirwa kweyekutanga prototype kwakaratidza kugona uye matambudziko ekugadzira marobhoti. Kunyange kugadzirwa kwekuwedzera nekubvisa kwatove kwakanyatso kusanganiswa, yakazara otomatiki yekunamira application uye kuungana kunyanya kune mamwe matambudziko anofanirwa kugadziriswa mukutsvagisa kunotevera. Kuburikidza nekutanga mechanicha kuyedzwa uye yakabatana neinogumira chinhu chekutsvagisa modhi, zvakaratidzwa kuti huremu uye hutete hwefiberglass mapaneru anopa kuomarara kwakaringana kwekukotama kune yavo yavanoda façade application, kunyangwe pasi pekuremerwa nemhepo. Tsvagiridzo inoenderera mberi yevanyori ichaenderera mberi nekuongorora kugona kweakagadzirwa nedigital girazi rakatetepa rekubatanidza mapaneru ekushandisa kwefaçade uye kuratidza kushanda kwawo.
Vanyori vanoda kutenda vose vatsigiri vane chekuita nebasa retsvakurudzo iri. Kutenda kuEFRE SAB purogiramu yemari yakabhadharwa kubva kuEuropean Union mari nenzira yerubatsiro Nha. 100537005. Pamusoro pezvo, AiF-ZIM yakacherechedzwa kupa mari chirongwa chetsvakiridzo cheGlasfur3D (nhamba yerubatsiro ZF4123725WZ9) tichibatsirana neGlaswerkstätten Glas Ahne, iyo yakapa rutsigiro rwakakura pabasa iri rekutsvagisa. Pakupedzisira, Friedrich Siemens Laboratory nevabatsiri vayo, kunyanya Felix Hegewald uye mubatsiri wevadzidzi Jonathan Holzerr, vanobvuma rubatsiro rwemhizha uye kushandiswa kwekugadzira uye kuedza kwemuviri kwakaumba hwaro hwepepa rino.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-04-2023