Dutu riri kuuya. Zviuru zvevatambi vari kushanda kuvhiringa tsika dzechinyakare dzekudzidziswa, dzidzo uye kuongorora muhurumende nekudzivirira. Bato revanhu pasi rose rakura munyika dzakati wandei, uye kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa unonzi Fight Club International, vatambi vechiuto nevechiuto vari kuyedza tekinoroji yekutengeserana kuratidza zvavanogona kuita kugadzirisa nyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Asi nepo tekinoroji iri pamwoyo wechirongwa, chinangwa chayo chakanyanya kukosha ndechekushandura tsika, hapana zviri nyore mumasangano emauto ane ruzivo rwakadzama rwenhoroondo uye hutongi hwakadzika midzi.
Chipingamupinyi chakajairwa pakutorwa kwehunyanzvi hwekushandura fungidziro yevashandisi, kana nemamwe mazwi, kuda kwevashandisi kushandisa fungidziro yavo yechokwadi. Kuyedzwa kwekutanga kwe "Fight Club" mukuenzanisa kunovaka kunodaidzwa kuti "Combat Mission" kwakaratidza kuti vatambi vasiri varwi vasina kudzidziswa zvechiuto vakakunda vakuru vane makore eruzivo. Pfungwa dzevatambi vemauto hadzina kukwana, dzichiomerera kudzidziso. Kukuodzwa mwoyo kwavo, vakaona kuti kumhanya kwavo kwekuita sarudzo kwakanonoka pane kwevatambi vane hunyanzvi uye vane hunyanzvi.
MuAllied Rapid Reaction Force, izvi zvave kutanga kuita mutsauko. Munguva ichangopfuura, Royal Navy Lieutenant Commander akatora mauto ehondo kuwedzera kumitambo yehondo yechinyakare kuti aongorore zvine hungwaru kuti ingangoita sei kubatanidzwa kwekuziva kungaita sei mumamiriro ehondo. Mukuita kudaro, mupurisa akawana kupesana muhuchenjeri hwezvitunha, izvo zvakakonzera kuchinja kwaidiwa mukuronga kwezvitunha. Mauto anowedzera kuchinjika nekudzidza kurwa kuburikidza neruzivo rwekudzidzira mitambo.
Tichifunga bhajeti ravo rakakura uye kuwana kwakananga kune inotungamira sainzi uye tekinoroji, mauto eWestern mauto ari pachinzvimbo chakanakisa chekutora mukana wekombuta yemazuva ano, kugadzirisa data uye kufambira mberi muhungwaru hwekugadzira. Zvisinei, vanotarisana nemhinganidzo yakakosha zvakaenzana: conservative institutionalism. Matambudziko aya mauto anotarisana nawo anoratidza dambudziko guru remagariro evanhu rekushandura basa renyika nemikana yekushandura yakagadzirirwa ramangwana rinobudirira.
Mashoma masangano anonzwisisa zvakapfuura zvakanyanya kupfuura zvemauto. Vatungamiriri vemauto vaduku vanoda chinzvimbo vanoongorora mabhuku avo enhoroondo, vachiedza kunzwisisa zvazvinoreva kutungamirira. Mienzaniso inogona kusiyana, asi madingindira akafanana: kuva munhandare yehondo, kutungamirira nemuenzaniso, kukurudzira vateveri nemashoko nezviito, kupa nekuzvipira.
Ko kana zvese izvi zvachinja? Ko sangano rine midzi yakadzama yakadaro rinoenderana sei nesimba rinovhiringa remichina yemazuva ano? Iwe unogashira sei tsika yekutanga kana DNA yako yakasungwa neyekare uye bureaucracy?
Mauto anhasi achataura nemuromo kune zvinoparadza zvinogona kufambira mberi zvetekinoroji, zvichibatanidza mazwi akadai sekuti “chimurenga chemauto” muduramazwi ravo rehunyanzvi. Asi vangani vatungamiriri vemauto vaizovhota kuti vazviite (kana masangano avakakurira) kusashanda? Kutya kwega kwega kwekusashanda chinhu chipinganidzo chemasangano chekuchinja mune zvese. Tekinoroji isingadzivirirwe inoita kumauto zvakaitwa naFrederick W. Taylor kuindasitiri yeAmerica mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20: kana risiri bhizinesi rakakosha, hapana chimwe chaunoda. Dai hurongwa uhu husina kuitika mumaindasitiri, United States yaizosiiwa nemuenzaniso wekare uye usingagoneki wekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, uye nekudaro nehupfumi hwakadzikira zvakanyanya. Nenzira yakafanana, kana kutya kusashanda kuchidzivisa ikoku muuto, muuyo uchava simba rechinyakare, risina kukwana—rinononoka zvikuru uye risingashandi kuti rifambirane nemhandu dzaro.
Chinhu chemunhu ndicho chidziviso chikuru chetekinoroji. Tichifunga nezve kushivirira kwavo kwakasiyana, maUAV anogona kukunda ndege dzine vanhu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti motokari dzemazuva ano dzinozvityaira dzakachengeteka ne70% pane vatyairiwo zvavo. Mazuva ano pasi sensors inoona mifananidzo uye mapatani zviri nani kupfuura vanhu. Imwe $30,000 drone inogona kuongorora nyika yakawanda kupfuura $12 mamiriyoni emotokari yekuongorora. Nekudaro, kusada kugashira tekinoroji iyi zvizere kunobva pakuti vanhu vanonakidzwa nekudyidzana nevanhu-kusagadzikana kwepamhepo kunonzwika zvakanyanya mumasangano akavakirwa vanhu. Pupurira nyaya dzine simba muTop Gun: Maverick.
Zvakadini nevanhu? Kukweva chinokonzeresa hakusi kukosha kwemunhu, asi kutonga kwekudhonza kana kusadhonza. Kuongorora mamiriro ehurongwa, kuongorora mhedzisiro, uye kuita kutonga kwehunhu vanhu. Tekinoroji dzakaita sehungwaru hwekugadzira dzinoda kuti vanhu varambe vachizviita, asi nekukurumidza uye nemhedzisiro iri nani. Chikwata cheUK Fight Club, chakabatana neUK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, chiri kuongorora kuti mitambo ingasimudzira sei kuita kwevanhu muhondo inokurumidza apo marobhoti nemapuratifomu asina munhu ari kushandura masimba enhandare yehondo. Humbowo hwekutanga hunoratidza kuti mauto haasati agadzirira kurwa kwakadaro. Iyo inokurumidza uye inouraya, inoda zvimiro zvitsva uye kugona kubata nemavortices akaomarara.
Pamusoro pemarobhoti ari nani, mauto anoda vanhu vari nani vanokwanisa kushandisa masisitimu akaomarara ane kukurumidza uye nehungwaru. Isu tinofanirwa kutsvaga nekugadzira yemazuva ano Ander Wiggins inokwanisa kuronga hunyanzvi uye kuronga mhedzisiro panhandare yehondo izere nemasensor.
Zvakadini nevatambi? Zvakanaka, vanogona kubatsira. Kana zana remakore rapfuura rakatsanangurwa nesimba remabhaisikopo nemifananidzo inofamba, zana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe rakatsiva izvi zviitiko zvemashoko emutsara nesimba rinopindirana remitambo. Mitambo inogadzira nyaya dzine simba, zviitiko, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, data. Mitambo ine mukana wakakura nekuda kwekuunganidzwa kusingagumi kwedhata rekudzidziswa. Fight Club iri kuendesa izvi mberi nekuunganidza ruzivo rwemutambo kuzivisa nzira nyowani dzekufunga nekurwa. Kubva kumitambo yematrix-level-level inoongorora kuti kurwa kunoitwa sei munzvimbo yegrey, kusvika pakuyedzera makunda edziviriro yemhepo yakaoma, hungwaru hwemhomho hunogona kubatsira kufumura zvisizvo zvakafanira kuenderera mberi nekudzidza. Heino maitiro. Izvi zvinotungamira kune zvakawanikwa, kudzidza uye kugadzirisa munguva dzerunyararo nehondo.
Kuchinja nzira yaunorwa nayo kwakakosha (kana kusanyanya kukosha) pane kutenga zvinhu zvitsva. Mutambo weUSMC wakawana asymmetric mabhenefiti ekumisa kudiwa kweanorema uye anodhura matangi. Iyo US Air Force inoshandisa mutambo wekutengesa Command: Professional Edition kuratidza pfungwa dzekuyedza uye kuzivisa kutenga. Iyo US Intelligence Yepamberi Yekutsvagisa Projects iri kuongorora kuti mitambo inogona kudzikisira sei kusarurana kwekuziva kunokanganisa kuita sarudzo uye ongororo yehungwaru. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti kudzidza-kwemitambo kunovandudza maonero evatambi. Zviripachena, kukwezva vatambi uye kuunza mimwe mitambo kunogona kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwekudzivirira uye hurumende, asi isu tichabvumira shanduko yetsika kubata? Kana kuti kurerekera kumasangano kuchapinda munzira here?
Zvikoro zvemauto zvinotungamira pasi rose zvine mifananidzo yevatungamiriri vane mukurumbira munhoroondo - mavara avo, mumutsara waTheodore Roosevelt, "vaivepo." Asi ramangwana rinosimbisa kuita mutongo wekukurumidza pamusoro pekuvepo kunoda kuti vatungamiriri vedu vagare pachikuva, kwete ipapo. Panzvimbo yekuita maverengero emanzwiro pasi pesimba re "dikita, guruva neropa" rehondo, vanoshandisa kutonhora, kudzikama rutivi rwekunze kuti vagadzire zano rakajeka.
Pfungwa yekuti mauto emangwana ndivo vatambi vemazuva ano inonyangadza kumasangano akavakirwa pamienzaniso inoshanda. Zvisinei, kana tikaomerera kune zvakapfuura uye kuomerera kune zvazvino, hatingadzivisiki tichiisa ramangwana redu rechikwereti.
Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Moran (British Army) naColonel Arnel David (US Army) inhengo dzeNATO Rapid Reaction Force. Ivo vakarwira uye vakaita zvine chinangwa, zvinokatyamadza kuyedza kuongorora kuti hungwaru hwekugadzira uye kudzidza kwemichina kunogona sei kuvandudza maitiro eLand Command uye nzira dzekuronga dzekunangisa, kurwa uye kuita sarudzo. Tinotenda Shashank Joshi naNicholas Kroli nekuverenga nekudzokorora chinyorwa ichi pamberi. Chero kukanganisa kana matambudziko ndeemunyori.
Maonero akataurwa ndeaya emunyori uye haamiriri chinzvimbo chepamutemo cheUnited States Military Academy, Dhipatimendi reMauto kana Dhipatimendi reDziviriro kana chero sangano rine munyori, kusanganisira British Army kana NATO. .
Wargaming ine nhoroondo refu uye yakanyorwa mutsika dzechiuto. Zvizhinji zvemazuva ano zvebhodhi nemitambo yemakomputa zvinogona kurondwa zvakananga kuKriegspiel, nepo mitambo midiki yemunzvimbo yakaita sechess, hnefatafl uye go ine tsika refu yekushanda uye yehunyanzvi art.
Kunyangwe mabhodhoro ejecha emazuva ano ane hukama kune aya mawargames, kunyangwe zvinosuruvarisa kuti mabhokisi ejecha ari kuita mashoma uye mashoma.
Panzvimbo pekurapa mawargames emazuva ano (achiri kuda kuedza chaiko kuti anyatsoshanda) sepfungwa itsva iyo magungano echinyakare echiuto anonzvenga, anofanirwa kuwonekwa sechinoshanduka chechimwe chinhu chakasimbiswa uye chakashandiswa kwenguva refu museti yakasimbiswa. zvishandiso.
Sezvakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa, yakakurumbira/populist komputa "wargame" uye tekinoroji yayo ikozvino yabatanidzwa munhandare yehondo chaiyo, uye iko kusvetuka kwehuwandu, kwete kungosvetuka munguva. Ko *komiti* yenhoroondo yemauto neyemugungwa inonyanyodzidzira sei? - Vagadziri vemitambo… uye vagari vane hanya nevabereki… zvinondinetsa.
Zvinhu zvine hungwaru "hazvichadzoreki" sezvo zvine njodzi - kunyangwe hutungamiriri hwedu hwechinyakare hwemauto huripo * kuchengetedza* kutonga hahugone kuvamisa.
Changamire, handina chokwadi chekuti ndanzwisisa kutaura kwenyu nemazvo. Kana zvakadaro, saka handifunge kuti kupinzwa kwemitambo yemavhidhiyo yakakurumbira mukufunga kwemauto kwakasiyana netsiva kana pfungwa dzenhabvu dzekare.
Takapemberera "kuruboshwe rwekuruboshwe" kwakadaro muDesert Storm uye ndokutipa kurwa se73 Easting sehumbowo hwepfungwa yekurwa-pasi-pasi. Ramba uchishandisa mazwi akadai se "kuguma kwehupenyu" paunenge uchigadzira pfungwa yekushanda. Sezvo varongi/vaoni venguva yemberi vari kutendeukira kune vanopfura munhu kwete nhabvu yemazano, zvinoita sechisikigo kuti mazwi emutambo wemavhidhiyo senge "rocket jump" kana "respawn" anogona kuwana nzira yavo mumutauro wevanhuwo zvavo. Izvo zvinogoneka synergy pakati pezviviri zvinenge zvichikurudzira.
Ndinobvuma kuti mitambo ine mukurumbira ingangove ine ngozi inogona kukanganisa zvinodiwa nenyika chaiyo, asi inogona kugadziriswa: seyakajairwa mazano mazano kuburikidza nemhando dzenzvimbo (sandboxes, etc.), CPX, nezvimwewo) uye navo. inogona kugadzirisa zvinhu zvinofuratirwa mumitambo yakakurumbira nokukurumidza kuyeuchidza vatungamiri vechidiki (zvichida nependi yetemberi) kuti zvavanosangana nazvo mumutambo handiwo mufananidzo uzere.
Bureaucracy idambudziko, asi zvigadziriso izvi zvinoitika kunze kweiyo bureaucracy - kana vatungamiriri vakaita basa ravo uye vachidzivirira avo vari pasi pavo kubva kumhirizhonga kubva kumusoro.
Zvitsigiro zvinozvitsigira zvinosundidzira ma hydrofoils akati wandei 60 tsoka pazasi pekeel ye1,000-toni yengarava kukunda 42-foot masaisai.
12-inch armor uye heavy cruiser "USS Salem (CA-139)" ine 9 8-inch pfuti dze8-inch armor;
Ichange yakaoma yakamira papontoon huru ine GE LM2500+G4 turbines (47,000 hp = 34 MW);
Ndinogona kunge ndisina kururama pamusoro peizvi, asi mitambo inonyanya kufarirwa haibvumiri kuporeswa pakarepo kwemaronda uye, zvechokwadi, kumuka mushure mekuuraya? Zvimwe tinogona kutevedzera zvirinani "dikita neropa rehondo" apo mitambo iyi yakabvisa mushandisi nekuti akakuvara, kana kurambidza account yavo pavakaurayiwa.
Mitambo inonyanya kufarirwa inoisa pamberi pekutamba pane realism. Zvinoita sekuti pane chinyorwa muOnion makore mashoma apfuura chakaseka pfungwa ye "mutambo wevhidhiyo wemauto chaiwo".
Kunyanya, iwe uri kufunga nezvemutambo wekutamba unowira mumhando dzakasiyana siyana (yekutanga-munhu kupfura, mutambo, nezvimwewo). Indasitiri yacho yose, setsvakiridzo yayo yedzidzo, idiki uye mazwi anosiyana pakati pevagadziri/vagadziri/vadzidzisi… zvakakwana kuti uti uri kutaura nezvemitambo “inofarirwa” inotambwa nevakomana vechidiki. Izvi zvinorasisa, nekuti zvinomiririra chikamu chidiki kwazvo chemusika wemavhidhiyo mutambo pane zvaifungidzirwa.
Zvikamu zvemitambo zvinowanzoitirwa zvikumbiro zvepasirese (zvekurima, kubhururuka kwendege, mitambo yemauto, nezvimwewo) inowanzonzi mitambo "yakakomba". Iwo anotangira kubva kumatirakita uye ndege simulators kuenda kuNavy's MMOWGLI system. Iri padanho rino redhizaini kuti zvinokonzeresa zvemazuvane (maererano nemutambo wemutambo) zvinosiyana-siyana munyika chaiyo zvinotariswa: kana iwe usinganetseke nezve g, pitch, pitch, yaw, rega 747 barrel ive. kunakidzwa kwakawanda, uye zvese zvinofinha zvemutyairi wendege; pasina izvi zvose, hazvibviri kudzidza kubhururuka nendege (vatyairi vezvikepe, kunyanya vatyairi vendege).
Kunyangwe iyi misiyano yeindasitiri, kugona kudzokorora nekukasira kuchiri nekukosha kwekudzidza. Pandinodzidzisa mukuenzanisa, ndinogara ndiine zvidzokororo zvishoma uko Joe anoudzwa kuti arambe achienderera kunyangwe nekurova. Marwadzo acho akakwana kurega kuita chikanganiso chimwe chetecho zvakare, uchisimbisa pfungwa yokuti hauzoregi nemhaka bedzi yokuti wakuvadzwa.
Tagara tichirwa hondo zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwedu hwese senzanga. Chombo chine ngozi zvikuru cheHondo Yenyika Yekutanga neChipiri chaive chichiri pfuti yemunhu akadzidzira, asi kuunza kwedu kugona kugadzira mumhando yemotokari (kunyanya mota dzezvombo nendege) kwakawedzera nhandare yehondo uye nzira yatakarwa nayo. Kubva kublitzkrieg kuenda kuhondo mumhepo uye pasi, takagadzirisa maitiro edu ehondo kuti aenderane nehondo yemazuva ano inokoshesa ruzivo.
Sezvo tiine vanhu vechidiki vanoziva mutambo uyu uye vasingakodzeri kuita basa remaoko muchiuto, kukwanisa kuvapa kutonga chaiko kwemotokari yekurwa isina munhu muchikwata chakarongeka zvinogona kutinetsa. . Pane zvakawanda zvetsika, tsika nehunhu zvinoda kuongororwa, asi izvi zvine zvazvinoita hunyanzvi hwedu hwezana ramakore re21.
Tataura izvozvo… tine chokwadi chekuti ndiani akagadzira mitambo iyi? Pane chero ruzivo rwemhindumupindu rwakatambidzwa kune aya makodhi? Ko kana mitambo iyi ichigona kugadzirwa nezvishuvo zvakaipa kutisundidzira munzira iyi kana kutitsausa kuti tichinje dzidziso inobva pamigumisiro yenhema? Inoratidzika kunge inokodzera zvakakwana neSino-Russian grey nzvimbo uye pfungwa yehondo yakazara - ivo vanonyatsobatanidzwa mune software uye mapurogiramu emakambani.
Chimwe chezvikamu zveuchapupu chandakaona mumuenzaniso weDCS (Russia) ndechokuti apo mauto edu akarwisana nemauto eRussia neChinese, Red Army yakaita zvinenge zvakakwana - kure nemiganhu inozivikanwa yezvombo zvinoshandiswa. Kunyangwe nezvombo izvi zvakaiswa kune yakaderera simba mazinga, iyo-mumutambo AI inoita kunge iri kushandura mhedzisiro. Mumwe muenzaniso: radar yavo yakaona ndege dzakabira kure zvakanyanya kupfuura zvaigona kuona masisitimu avo.
Iye zvino, zvekunakidzwa, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kune mamwe mabheti anonakidza. Nekudaro, kana izvi zvikaitwa mumienzaniso inoshandiswa nemauto edu, sarudzo dzekuti mangani makomba anodiwa kuzadza mauto eChinese ekudzivirira kana kuita SEAD paRussia SAM network, semuenzaniso, inogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya uye kuderedza kugona kwedu kushanda. . Iri richava danho rekutanga mukuumba nhandare yehondo.
zvinozivikanwa marongero. Zvichida mitambo yehondo kuMabvazuva—muRussia neChina—inongova netarisiro yakanyanyisa, semutambo wehondo waNagumo we“Midway Plan”. Kana kuti pamwe vane chimwe chinhu chatisingazive nezvacho… semuenzaniso, mwedzi mishoma yapfuura zvakashumwa kuti zvombo zveRussia zvinokandwa zvinogona kudzima masisitimu ekunyengedza mumabharaki evarwi vekunze pedyo neKiev.
Zvingave zvinoshamisa here kana tikatarisa mitambo yehondo yeImperial Japanese Navy Hondo Yenyika II isati yasvika kuti tione "zvisizvo" kukurumidza, mararamiro uye simba rinotyisa rematorpedoes avo, atakazodzidza kubva pavakagadzira oxygen? torpedo? (zvakanaka, musi wa 07/12/41, maJapan akanyura ngarava yehondo yekuAmerica, sezvakaita maBritish Italian muTaranto muna 1940, asi * pagungwa * zvaisaita ... mumazuva matatu?)
"Zvakasarudzika" - fungidziro yehukuru hwekuMadokero - kufunga kwakatiparadza munguva yakapfuura ... seSouth China Sea musi waZvita 10, 41.
EncyBrit: Ndeipi chombo chakakonzera kufa kwakanyanya muHondo Yenyika I? Makani ndiwo akakonzera kufa kwevanhu vakawanda, achiteverwa nepfuti diki tevere magasi ane chepfu. Iyo bayonet, chombo chakasimba icho mauto eFrance aivimba nacho hondo isati yatanga, haizotungamiriri kune vakawanda vakakuvara.
"The Oxford Shamwari kune Nhoroondo Yemauto. Munguva yeHondo dzeNapoleonic neHondo Yenyika I uye II, vazhinji vakafa - vanopfuura makumi matanhatu muzana paWestern Front muHondo Yenyika I - vakakonzerwa nepfuti. Mumagwenga eHondo Yenyika II, nzvimbo yakaoma, ine matombo yakasimbiswa nematehwe, uye ichi chikamu chakakwira kusvika 75%. Stalin akamudaidza kuti "Mwari weHondo" muhurukuro ya1944, uye mauto ake ezvombo zvehondo ane tsika yekunaka, uye nechikonzero chakanaka. Kunze kwezvo, haisi nzira yakachena. mushandisi anoiita chombo chinovengwa uye chinotyisa chehondo.
Isu tiri kuona izvi ikozvino muUkraine. Muna 1944, Stalin akadana zvombo kuti mwari wehondo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hSTTPkp2x4
Kunyangwe muzana rose re19th kwaive nekuuraya kwakananga kwebayonet kushoma, asi tsika yekubhadharisa bayonet yekupwanya maitiro evavengi yaiwanzoita sarudzo.
Kanoni ingangove chombo chinouraya zvakanyanya muHondo Yenyika I uye II, asi yakanga iri kure nesarudzo mumhedziso yavo (zvinobvumwa, chaive chinhu chikuru muhunyanzvi hweRussia kuEastern Front, sezvazviri kuratidzwa muUkraine).
Exercise Louisiana (kutevedzera zviri pamutemo mutambo wehondo) inogona kunge yakave mupiro unokosha mukubudirira kwemauto edu.
Kana uchinge watorwa / wapihwa kondirakiti, zviri nyore kwazvo kune vanotora kuti vajairane nebasa remuviri muchiuto.
Asi mauto achabvumira Ander Wiggins kusimuka muuto nekukurumidza kudaro? Tinowana sei Anders anofananidzira zvinotarisirwa basa revatungamiriri nevakuru? Nzira dzekudzidzisa/dzekudzidzisa dziripo dzinoongorora kugona kwemaneja kwevadzidzi padanho remumunda here kana padanho revakuru vakuru? Rangarira, Ender anga asiri murwi akanaka kwazvo, asi mukuru mukuru. Ikozvino maitiro echiuto haabvumiri kusvetuka kwakadaro. Ndinobvuma kuti wargaming ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekutsvaga vanofunga vanogona kuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ane simba uye anochinja, asi kutaura kuti 1LT Smith akakunda mumakwikwi ehondo yehondo uye akakwidziridzwa kuCOL/BG/MG kuwedzeredza. Uyezve, Ender haifanirwe kunetseka nezvebhajeti kana nyaya dzevashandi.
Kutora nguva yekutsveta chero chinhu mubhokisi remutambi kunovandudza hunyanzvi hwako zvakanyanya kupfuura kungoverenga kana kukurukura. Mitambo inokutendera kuti utarise pahunyanzvi hwaunovandudza nekuunza mamodheru ekuedzesera pedyo neicho chaicho, uye takashandisa kudzokorora uye kuenzanisa nekubudirira kukuru muuto reUS.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-22-2023