Nhengo dzenharaunda yeCajamarca Máxima Acuña, vanozivikanwa nekuramba kudzingwa kubva panzvimbo yavo yakasimudzirwa nekambani yemigodhi yeYanacocha, vachangobva kugamuchira mubairo weGoldman Sachs, mubairo wakakosha pasi rose wezvakatipoteredza. Gore rino Akunya akazivikanwa semumwe wemagamba matanhatu ezvakatipoteredza paPasi, pamwe chete nevaratidziri nevarwi vekuTanzania, Cambodia, Slovakia, Puerto Rico neUnited States.
Mibairo iyi, iyo ichapihwa masikati emusi weMuvhuro kuSan Francisco Opera House (USA), inocherekedza avo vakatungamira hondo inoshamisa yekuchengetedza zviwanikwa. Nyaya yaambuya ava paruzhinji yakamutsa mhirizhonga pasi rose mushure mekushungurudzwa nemagadhi akazvimirira oga pamwe nemapurisa chaiwo, avo vakabvuma kuchengetedza kambani yemugodhi iyi.
Chronicle Joseph Zarate anoperekedza Lady Akuna kunyika yake kuti adzidze zvakawanda nezvenhoroondo yake. Nokukurumidza pashure paikoko, iye akabudisa uyu mufananidzo unokatyamadza, uyo wakabvunza mubvunzo unokosha: “Ndarama yorudzi inokosha kupfuura ivhu nemvura zvemhuri here?
Mamwe mangwanani muna Ndira 2015, semutemi wematanda, Maxima Akunya Atalaya akarova matombo pagomo nounyanzvi uye nemazvo zvomutemi wematanda kuti aise nheyo yeimba. Akunya akanga akareba mamita asingasviki mashanu, asi akatakura dombo rakapetwa kaviri uremu hwake uye akauraya gondohwe rekirogiramu 100 mumaminitsi mashoma. Paakashanyira guta reCajamarca, guta guru renyika yePeru yokuchamhembe kwakakwirira, kwaaigara, aitya kuti angatsikwa nemotokari, asi akakwanisa kudhumhana nemacherwa aifamba kuti adzivirire nyika yaaigara, iyo nyika bedzi yakanga ine. mvura zhinji yezvirimwa zvaro. Haana kumbobvira adzidza kuverenga kana kunyora, asi kubva muna 2011 ari kurambidza mumwe mucheri wegoridhe kuti amudzinge pamba. Kune varimi, kodzero dzevanhu uye vezvakatipoteredza, Maxima Acuña muenzaniso wekushinga uye kusimba. Ndiye murimi akasindimara uye ane udyire munyika iyo kufambira mberi kwayo kunoenderana nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvake. Kana, zvakatoipisisa, mukadzi anoda kuita mari pakambani yemamirioni.
"Ndakaudzwa kuti kune goridhe rakawanda pasi penyika yangu nemadhamu," Maxima Akuna akadaro nezwi rake repamusoro. Ndosaka vachida kuti ndibve pano.
Dhamu racho rainzi blue, asi iye zvino rava kuchena. Pano, mumakomo eCajamarca, pakakwirira inopfuura zviuru zvina zvemamita pamusoro pegungwa, mhute yakakora inoputira zvese, ichinyungudutsa mamiriro ezvinhu. Pakanga pasina kuimba kweshiri, kusina miti mirefu, kusina denga rebhuruu, kusina maruva kumativi ose, nokuti zvinenge zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvaoma nechando kusvika pakufa nemhepo inotonhora inenge zero. Zvese kunze kwemaruva uye dahlias, izvo Maxima Akunya akarukwa pakora yehembe yake. Anoti imba yaava kugara iyi yakavakwa nevhu, matombo nemarata yave kuda kuparara nekuda kwemvura yainaya. Anofanira kuvaka imba itsva, kunyange asingazivi kana achikwanisa. Kuseri kwemhute, mamita mashoma kubva kumba kwake, kune Blue Lagoon, uko Maxima airedza trout makore mashoma apfuura nemurume wake nevana vana. Mudzimai uyu ari kutyira kuti kambani yemugodhi yeYanacocha ichatora ivhu raanogara roshandura Blue Lagoon kuti ive nzvimbo inochengeterwa matani 500 miriyoni emarara ane muchetura achabviswa mumugodhi mutsva.
nyaya. Ziva nezvenyaya yemurwi uyu, yakabata nharaunda dzepasi rose, pano. Vhidhiyo: Goldman Sachs Nzvimbo.
Yanacocha zvinoreva "Black Lagoon" muQuechua. Iri zvakare izita redhamu rakaguma kuvapo mukutanga kwema1990 kugadzira nzira yegomba rakavhurika mugodhi wegoridhe, uyo pakureba kwawo waionekwa semugodhi mukuru uye unobatsira zvakanyanya pasi rose. Pazasi pedhamu muSelendin, purovhinzi inogara Maxima Akuna nemhuri yake, pane goridhe. Kuti ibudise iyo, kambani yemigodhi Yanacocha yakagadzira chirongwa chinonzi Conga, icho, maererano nevehupfumi uye vezvematongerwo enyika, chichaunza Peru kunyika yekutanga: kuwedzera kwekutsvaga kuchauya, izvo zvinoreva mamwe mabasa, zvikoro zvemazuva ano uye zvipatara, maresitorendi eumbozha, a. hutsva hwemahotera, skyscrapers uye, seMutungamiri wePeru, Ollanta Humala, akadaro, pamwe kunyange metropolitan metro. Asi kuti izvi zviitike, Yanacocha akati, dhamu, inopfuura kiromita kumaodzanyemba kwemba yaMaxim, raizoda kugezwa mvura uye kushandurwa kuita chikwari. Yaizoshandisa mamwe madhamu maviri ekuchengetera marara. Blue Lagoon ndeimwe yavo. Kana izvozvo zvikaitika, murimi akatsanangura kuti anogona kurasikirwa nezvose zvaanazvo nemhuri yake: anenge mahekita makumi maviri neshanu evhu rakafukidzwa neichu nemamwe mafuro echirimo. Mipaini uye queñuales inopa huni. Mbatata, ollucos nebhinzi kubva kupurazi ravo. Chinonyanya kukosha, mvura yemhuri yake, makwai ake mashanu nemombe ina. Kusiyana nevavakidzani vakatengesa nzvimbo kukambani, mhuri yeChaupe-Acuña ndiyo chete ichiri kugara pedyo nenzvimbo yeramangwana remugodhi: mwoyo weKonga. Vakati vaisambobva.
[pull_quote_center]—Tinogara pano, uye takapambwa,” Maxima Akunya akadaro usiku hwandakasangana naye, achikuchidzira huni kuti apise poto yemuto[/pull_quote_center]
- Dzimwe nhengo dzenharaunda dzinoti hadzina mabasa nekuda kwangu. Mugodhi uyu hausi kushanda nekuti ndiri pano. Ndakaitei? Ndichavatendera kutora nyika yangu nemvura yangu here?
Mamwe mangwanani muna 2010, Maxima akamuka aine kunzwa kugwinha mudumbu. Aiva nechirwere che<em>ovary chakamusiya asisagone kufamba. Vana vake vakahaya bhiza ndokuenda naye kunzvimbo yaambuya vavo mumusha uri kure nemaawa masere kuti apore. Mumwe wasekuru vake achasara achichengeta purazi rake. Mwedzi mitatu gare gare, apo akanga achinaya, iye nemhuri yake vakadzokera kumusha, ndokuwana bedzi kuti chimiro chenyika chakanga chachinja zvishomanene: mugwagwa wevhu namatombo wekare waiyambuka rutivi rwenzvimbo yake wakanga wava mugwagwa wakafara, wakaenzana. Sekuru vavo vakavaudza kuti vamwe vashandi veYanacocha vakanga vauya pano nemabhuru. Murimi akaenda kuhofisi yekambani iri kunze kweCajamarca kunonyunyuta. Akaramba akamirira kwemazuva akati kuti kusvikira mumwe injiniya amutora. Akamuratidza gwaro rokuva muridzi.
“Munda uyu ndewemugodhi,” akadaro achidongorera pagwaro riya. Nharaunda yeSorochuko yakaitengesa makore mazhinji apfuura. Haazive here?
Varimi vakashamiswa uye vakashatirwa, mimwe mibvunzo. Kana bhegi iri akaritenga kuna sekuru vemurume wake muna 1994, chingave chokwadi sei? Ko kana akafudza mombe dzevamwe achikama kwemakore kuti achengetedze mari? Akabhadhara nzombe mbiri, inoda kusvika madhora zana imwe neimwe, kuti atore munda wacho. Yanacocha angave sei muridzi wenzvimbo yeTracadero Grande kana aine gwaro raitaura zvakasiyana? Pazuva rimwe chetero, injiniya wekambani yacho akamudzinga pahofisi asina kupindura.
[quote_kuruboshwe]Maxima Akunya anoti akazvishingisa pakurwisana kwekutanga naYanacocha paakaona mapurisa achirova mhuri yake[/quote_left]
Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, muna Chivabvu 2011, mazuva mashoma pamberi pekuzvarwa kwake makumi mana nerimwe, Maxima Acuna akabuda mangwanani-ngwanani kunomugadzirira gumbeze remvere dzemakwai kumba kwemuvakidzani. Paakadzoka akawana imba yake yave dota. Chikwere chavo chakakandwa kunze. Purazi rembatatisi rakaparadzwa. Matombo akaunganidzwa nemurume wake Jaime Schoup zvekuvaka imba akapararira. Zuva rakatevera, Maxima Acuna akatongera Yanacocha, asi akaisa mhosva nekuda kwekushaya uchapupu. VaChaupe-Acuñas vakavaka shack yekuchinja. Vakaedza kuenderera mberi kusvika August 2011 asvika. Maxima Acuna nemhuri yake vanotaura pamusoro pezvavakaitirwa naYanacocha pakutanga kwemwedzi, nhevedzano yekushungurudzwa kwavanotya kuti kuchaitika zvakare.
PaMuvhuro, August 8, mumwe mupurisa akasvika kukamba yemasoja ndokubaya hari yaigadzirwa kudya kwemangwanani. Akavayambira kuti vaifanira kubva munhandare yehondo. havasi.
Nemusi weChipiri, 9, mapurisa nevachengetedzi vekambani yemugodhi iyi vakavatorera zvinhu zvavo zvese, vakaputsa shamhu iyi ndokuipisa.
Musi weChitatu, 10, mhuri yacho yakarara kunze kumafuro ePampa. Vanozvifukidza neitchu kuti vazvidzivirire kuchando.
high. Maxima Acuna anogara pakakwirira mamita 4000 pamusoro pegungwa. Zvakatora ngoro yemaawa mana kubva kuCajamarca nemumipata, zvikomo nemumawere kuti isvike kumba kwake.
Nemusi weChina 11, mapurisa zana akapfeka ngowani, nhoo dzekudzivirira, mabatoni nepfuti akaenda kunovadzinga. Vakauya neexcavator. Mwanasikana mudiki waMaxima Acuna, Gilda Chaupe, akapfugama pamberi pemotokari kuti asapinde mumunda. Nepo mamwe mapurisa akaedza kumuparadzanisa, mamwe akarova amai vake nehanzvadzi yake. Sajeni vakarova Gilda kumashure kwemusoro nepfuti, vachimugogodza, uye boka rinotya rakadzokera shure. Mwanasikana mukuru, Isidora Shoup, akarekodha zvakasara zvechiitiko pakamera yefoni yake. Vhidhiyo inomhanya kwemaminetsi akati wandei inogona kuoneka paYouTube yaamai vake vachipopota uye hanzvadzi yake ichidonha pasi nefenda. Mainjiniya eYanacocha vanotarisa vari kure, pedyo nerori ravo. Mapurisa aive mumutsetse ave kutobuda. Vanoona nezvemamiriro ekunze vakati raive zuva rinotonhora zvakanyanya pagore muCajamarca. Chaupe-Acuñas akapedza husiku kunze muminus madhigirii manomwe.
Kambani yemigodhi iyi yakaramba ichiramba mhosva iyi kuvatongi nevatori venhau. Vanoda humbowo. Maxima Akunya anongova nezvitupa zvekurapa nemifananidzo inosimbisa mavanga asara pamaoko nemabvi. Mapurisa akanyora bhiri musi uyu achipomera mhuri iyi mhosva yekurwisa mapurisa masere nevasina kutumwa netsvimbo, matombo nebanga, vachibvuma kuti vakanga vasina kodzero yekuvadzinga vasina mvumo kubva kuhofisi yemuchuchisi.
"Wakambonzwa here kuti gungwa riri kutengeswa?" Maxima Akunya akabvunza akabata dombo rairema muruoko rwake, "kana kuti rwizi rwatengeswa, chitubu chatengeswa uye chakarambidzwa?"
Kurwira kwaMaxima Acuña kwakawana vatsigiri muPeru nekune dzimwe nyika mushure mekunge nyaya yake yakavharwa nevezvenhau, asi zvakare aive nekukahadzika nevavengi. Kuna Yanacocha, anobvuta nyika. Kuzviuru zvevarimi nevaratidziri vezvakatipoteredza muCajamarca, aive Mukadzi weBlue Lagoon, akatanga kumufonera apo kumukira kwake kwakazivikanwa. Mufananidzo wekare waDavidi naGoriati wave usingadzivisiki: mazwi emukadzi murombo achipikisana nemucheri wegoridhe ane simba kwazvo muLatin America. Asi muchokwadi, munhu wese ari panjodzi: iyo Maxima Acuña kesi inodhumana nemuono wakasiyana wezvatinoti kufambira mberi.
[quote_kurudyi] Asati ave mufananidzo wemutsimba, aitya kutaura pamberi pevakuru. Haana kumbodzidza kuzvidzivirira pamberi pemutongi [/ quote_right]
Maxima Acuña haana zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvesimbi kunze kwepoto yesimbi yaanobikira uye mazino eplatinum aanoratidza paanonyemwerera. Hapana mhete, hapana bracelet, hapana necklace. Hapana fungidziro, hapana simbi inokosha. Zvakanga zvakamuomera kunzwisisa kufarira kwevanhu goridhe. Hapana chimwe chicherwa chinonyengerera kana kuvhiringa fungidziro yemunhu kupfuura kupenya kwesimbi kwechiratidzo chemakemikari Au. Tichitarira shure pabhuku ripi neripi renhau yenyika, zvakakwana kupwiswa kuti chishuvo chokuva muridzi waro chakaparira hondo nokukunda, chakasimbisa umambo ndokuparadza makomo namasango pasi. Ndarama inesu nhasi, kubva pamazino emazino kusvika kumidziyo yenharembozha nemalaptops, kubva pamari nemikombe kusvika kumabhawa egoridhe mumavhavha emabhangi. Ndarama haikoshi kune chero munhu mupenyu. Chinonyanya kukosha, chinodyisa kusakosha kwedu uye manyepo edu nezve chengetedzo: ingangoita 60% yegoridhe rinocherwa pasi rose rinopedzisira rave muzvishongo. Makumi matatu kubva muzana anoshandiswa serutsigiro rwemari. Kubatsira kwayo kukuru - kushaya ngura, haina kushatisa, haina kuipa nekufamba kwenguva - ita kuti ive imwe yesimbi inodiwa. Dambudziko nderekuti kwasara goridhe shoma uye shoma.
Kubva pauduku, taifungidzira kuti ndarama yaicherwa mumatani uye mazana emarori akanga achiiendesa kumakamuri okumabhangi muchimiro cheingots, asi chaizvoizvo yakanga iri simbi shoma. Dai tikakwanisa kuunganidza nekunyungudusa goridhe rese ratakambove naro, ringadai risingakwane madziva maviri ekutuhwina eOlympic. Zvisinei, huni imwe chete yegoridhe—inokwana kugadzira mhete—inoda matani angangoita makumi mana edhaka, anokwana kuzadza marori anofamba makumi matatu. Madhipoziti akapfuma paPasi anopera, zvichiita kuti zviome kuwana tsinga itsva. Anenge matombo ese achacherwa - bheseni rechitatu - akavigwa pasi pemakomo erenje nemadhamu. Nzvimbo yakasiiwa nemigodhi yakasiyana zvikuru: nepo maburi akasiiwa nemakambani emigodhi muvhu akanga akakura zvokuti aigona kuonekwa kubva muchadenga, zvidimbu zvakabudiswa zvakanga zviduku zvokuti zvaigona kupinda patsono zvikuru. …imwe yematura ekupedzisira pasi rose egoridhe iri pasi pezvikomo nemadziva eCajamarca kuchamhembe kwePeru, uko kambani yemigodhi yeYanacocha yanga ichishanda kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20.
[quote_kuruboshwe]Projekti yeConga ichaponesa vanhu vebhizinesi: zviitiko zvakakosha zvisati zvaitika uye shure[/quote_left]
Peru ndiyo inonyanya kutengesa goridhe kunze kwenyika muLatin America uye yechitanhatu pakukura pasi rose mushure meChina, Australia neUnited States. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuchengetwa kwegoridhe kwenyika uye kudyara kubva kumarudzi akawanda akadai seDenver hofori yeNewmont Corp., ine nharo kambani yakapfuma yemigodhi papasi, ine inopfuura hafu yeYanacocha. Muzuva rimwe chete, Yanacocha yakachera anenge matani 500 000 evhu nematombo, akaenzana nehuremu hwe500 Boeing 747s. makomo ose akanyangarika mukati memavhiki mashomanene. Pakupera kwa2014, imwe yegoridhe yaikosha madhora zviuru gumi nemazana maviri. Kubvisa mari inodiwa kugadzira mhete, matani angangoita 20 emarara anogadzirwa netuta remakemikari nesimbi dzinorema. Pane chikonzero marara aya ane chepfu: cyanide inofanira kudirwa paivhu rinenge ravhiringika kuti ibvise simbi. Cyanide muchetura unouraya. Chiyero chakaenzana netsanga yemupunga chinokwana kuuraya munhu, uye chikamu chimwe chete chemirioni chegiramu chakanyungudutswa murita remvura chinogona kuuraya hove dzakawanda murwizi. Yanacocha Mining Company inoomerera pakuchengeta cyanide mukati memugodhi nekuirasa zvinoenderana nepamusoro-soro mitemo yekuchengetedza. Vazhinji vagari veCajamarca havatendi kuti aya makemikari maitiro akachena kudaro. Kuti vabvumikise kuti kutya kwavo kwakanga kusiri kusina mufungo kana kuti kunopesana nemigodhi, vakataura nhau yeValgar York, ruwa rwemigodhi umo nzizi mbiri dzakanga dzakatsvuka uye pasina mumwe munhu akanga achituhwina. Kana kuti muSan Andrés de Negritos, uko dhamu raigovera vagari vemo mvura rakasvibiswa nemafuta akatsva akadeurwa mumugodhi. Kana kuti mutaundi reChoro Pampa, rori yemercury yakateura chepfu netsaona, ichiisa muchetura kumazana emhuri. Sekuita kwehupfumi, mamwe marudzi emigodhi haadzivisiki uye akakosha kuhupenyu hwedu. Zvakadaro, kunyangwe indasitiri yemigodhi yakakwira zvakanyanya uye isinganyanyi kukuvadza zvakatipoteredza pasi rose inoonekwa seyakasviba. Kuna Yanacocha, uyo anotova neruzivo muPeru, kuchenesa kusanzwisisa kwake pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza kunogona kuva kwakaoma sekumutsa trout kubva mugungwa rakasvibiswa.
Kukundikana kwenharaunda kunonetsa vanoisa mari mumigodhi, asi kwete zvakanyanya sekuti mukana wekuti purofiti yavo ideredzwe. Maererano naYanacocha, makore mana chete egoridhe akasara mumigodhi yake inoshanda. Iyo Conga purojekiti, inoumba chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvina chenzvimbo yeLima, ichabvumira bhizinesi kuenderera. Yanacocha akatsanangura kuti aifanira kuchera madziva mana, asi aizovaka madhamu mana aizodirwa nemvura inonaya. Maererano neongororo yake yezvakatipoteredza, izvi zvinokwana kupa vanhu 40 000 mvura yekunwa kubva munzizi dzakatorwa munzvimbo idzi. Kambani yemigodhi iyi ichange ichichera goridhe kwemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe, asi yakavimbisa kuhaya vanhu vanosvika zviuru gumi nekudyara mari inosvika mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora, izvo zviri kuunza imwe mari yemutero munyika. Ichi ndicho chipo chako. Vanamuzvinabhizinesi vanowana mibairo yakawanda uye Peru ichave nemari yakawanda yekuisa mumabasa nemabasa. Chipikirwa chebudiriro kune vose.
[quote_box_right]Vamwe vanoti nyaya yaMaxima Akunya yakashandiswa nevanopesana nevanochera mugodhi vachipikisa kusimukira kwenyika[/quote_box_right]
Asi sezvakangoita vezvematongerwo enyika nevatungamiriri vemaonero vanotsigira chirongwa ichi pazvikonzero zvehupfumi, kune mainjiniya nevanoongorora zvakatipoteredza vanopokana nazvo nekuda kwehutano hweveruzhinji. Nyanzvi dzekuchengetedza mvura dzakadai saRobert Moran weYunivhesiti yeTexas naPeter Koenig, aimbova mushandi weWorld Bank, vanotsanangura kuti makungwa makumi maviri uye mazana matanhatu zvitubu zviripo munharaunda yeprojekti yeKonga zvinoumba nzira yakabatana yemvura. Kutenderera kweropa, kwakaumbwa kwemamiriyoni emakore, kunodyisa nzizi uye kudiridza mafuro. Vanamazvikokota vanotsanangura kuti kuparadzwa kwemadziva mana kuchakanganisa zvachose zvachose. Kusafanana norutivi rwose rwasara rweAndes, mumakomo okuchamhembe ePeru, uko Maxima Acuna anogara, hapana chitsama chechando chinogona kugovera mvura yakakwana nokuda kwavagari vayo. Madhamu emakomo aya madhamu emusikirwo. Ivhu dema nehuswa hunoita sechipanji chakareba, zvinotora mvura nehunyoro kubva mumhute. Kubva pano zvitubu nenzizi zvakazvarwa. Pamusoro pe80% yemvura yePeru inoshandiswa pakurima. MuCentral Basin yeCajamarca, maererano neshumo yebazi rezvekurima muna 2010, migodhi yakashandisa inenge hafu yemvura inoshandiswa nevagari vemudunhu iri mugore rimwe chete. Nhasi, zviuru zvevarimi nevapfuri vari kunetseka kuti kuchera goridhe kuchasvibisa manyuko avo emvura chete.
MuCajamarca nemamwe mapurovhinzi maviri ari kutora chikamu muchirongwa ichi, madziro emamwe migwagwa akafukidzwa negraffiti: "Konga no va", "Mvura hongu, goridhe kwete". 2012 yakanga iri gore rakanyanya kubatikana zvikuru rekuratidzira kwaYanacocha, nemuvhoti Apoyo achizivisa kuti vasere kubva pagumi vagari veKahamakan vakapikisa chirongwa ichi. MuLima, uko sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzePeru dzinoitwa, kubudirira kunopa fungidziro yekuti nyika icharamba yakarongedza homwe dzayo nemari. Asi izvi zvinogoneka chete kana Konga ichibva. Zvikasadaro, vamwe vatungamiriri vepfungwa vanonyevera, njodzi ichatevera. "Kana conga ikasaenda, zvakangofanana nekuzvikanda gumbo," Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, aimbova gurukota rezvehupfumi uye akamirira mutungamiri wenyika, achakwikwidzana naKeiko Fujimori muchikamu chechipiri chesarudzo dzeChikumi 2016. , akanyora munyaya yacho, “Pakati pevanamuzvinabhizimisi, chirongwa cheConga chichaponesa upenyu: zviitiko zvinokosha zvisati zvaitika uye pashure.” Kune varimi vakaita saMaxima Acuna, yakaratidzawo shanduko munhoroondo yavo: kana vakarasikirwa nehupfumi hwavo hukuru, hupenyu hwavo hwaisazofanana zvakare. Vamwe vanoti mapoka anopikisa migodhi anopikisa budiriro yenyika akatora mukana wenyaya yaMaxima Acuña. Zvakadaro, nhau dzemuno dzakafukidza tariro yeavo vanoda kuisa mari chero ipi zvayo mutengo: maererano nehofisi yeombudsman, kubva muna Kukadzi 2015, avhareji yemakakatanwa manomwe kubva gumi muPeru akakonzerwa nemugodhi. Mumakore matatu apfuura, imwe neimwe yechina Kahamakan yakarasikirwa nebasa rake. Zviri pamutemo Cajamarca ndiyo inonyanya kuchera goridhe, asi inzvimbo ine urombo munyika.
PaLado B tinogovana pfungwa yekugovana ruzivo, tinoburitsa zvinyorwa zvakasainwa nevatapi venhau nemapoka anoshanda kubva pamutoro wekodzero dzakachengetedzwa, panzvimbo pezvo tinoedza kukwanisa kugovera pachena, tichitevera CC BY-NC-SA nguva dzose. 2.5 Non-Commerce MX License ine Attribution.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-01-2022