Mu "Fire Engineering" yakabudiswa muna Kubvumbi 2006, takakurukura nyaya dzinofanira kufungwa kana moto ukaitika mune imwe imba yekutengeserana. Pano, tichaongorora zvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zvekuvaka zvinogona kukanganisa nzira yako yekudzivirira moto.
Pasi apa, tinotora chivakwa chesimbi chivakwa chakawanda-storey semuenzaniso wekuratidza kuti chinokanganisa sei kugadzikana kwechivako chimwe nechimwe pamatanho akasiyana-siyana echivako (mifananidzo 1, 2).
Column structural member ine compression effect. Vanofambisa huremu hwedenga uye vanochiendesa pasi. Kukundikana kwekoramu kunogona kukonzera kuparara kamwe kamwe kwechikamu kana yese yechivako. Mumuenzaniso uyu, zvidzitiro zvakagadzirirwa padhi rekrete pazinga repasi uye rakasungirirwa kuI-beam pedyo nepamusoro pedenga. Muchiitiko chemoto, matanda esimbi ari padenga kana kureba kwedenga anopisa uye otanga kuwedzera nekumonyoroka. Simbi yakawedzerwa inokwanisa kukwevera mbiru kure nendege yayo yakatwasuka. Pakati pezvinhu zvose zvekuvaka, kukundikana kwekoramu ndiyo ngozi huru. Kana ukaona koramu inoratidzika kunge yakatenuka kana kuti isina kumira mushe, ndapota zivisa Incident Commander (IC) nekukasika. Chivako chinofanirwa kubviswa nekukasira uye kufona kunofanirwa kuitwa (mufananidzo 3).
Simbi danda-danda rakachinjika rinotsigira mamwe matanda. Mabhanhire akagadzirwa kuti atakure zvinhu zvinorema, uye anotsamira pamatanda. Sezvo moto nekupisa zvinotanga kubvisa magidhi, simbi inotanga kutora kupisa. Panenge pa1,100 ° F, simbi inozotanga kupera. Pakupisa uku, simbi inotanga kuwedzera uye kumonyoroka. Danda resimbi rakareba mafiti 100 rinogona kukura nemasendimita anenge gumi. Kana simbi yangotanga kukura nekumonyoroka, makoramu anotsigira matanda esimbi anotangawo kufamba. Kuwedzera kwesimbi kunogona kuita kuti madziro kumativi ose egirder asundire kunze (kana simbi inorovera mumadziro ezvidhina), izvo zvingaita kuti rusvingo rukotame kana kuputika (mufananidzo 4).
Simbi yakareruka truss beam joists- dandadzo rakaenzanirana resimbi dzakareruka, dzinoshandiswa kutsigira pasi kana matenga emateru. Kumberi, kwepakati uye kumashure kwesimbi matanda echivakwa anotsigira lightweight trusses. Iyo joist inosungirirwa kune danda resimbi. Muchiitiko chemoto, truss isingaremi inokurumidza kutora kupisa uye inogona kukundikana mukati memaminitsi mashanu kusvika gumi. Kana denga rakashongedzerwa nemhepo yekufemesa uye zvimwe midziyo, kudonha kunogona kuitika nekukurumidza. Usaedza kucheka denga rakasimbiswa joist. Kuita izvi kunogona kucheka chord yepamusoro yetruss, iyo huru inotakura mutoro, uye inogona kukonzera iyo yese truss chimiro uye denga kudonha.
Kupatsanurwa kwemajoists kunogona kuita mafiti mana kusvika masere kure. Yakakura kudaro spacing ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei usingade kucheka denga nemajoini esimbi akareruka uye Q-yakaita denga remba. Mutevedzeri weKomisheni weNew York Fire Department (akarega) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) akataura mu "Kuparara kweMoto Kurwisa Zvivako: Nhungamiro Yekuchengetedzwa Kwemoto" (Fire Engineering Books and Videos, 1988): "Musiyano pakati pehuni. majoists nesimbi Yakakosha dhizaini misiyano Iyo yepamusoro itsigiro system yejoists ndiko kuparadzaniswa kwezvijoi. Kupatsanurwa pakati pesimbi yakavhurika mesh joists inosvika 8 tsoka, zvichienderana nehukuru hwesimbi mbariro uye denga remba. Iyo yakafara nzvimbo pakati pejoists kunyangwe pasina simbi joists Muchiitiko chenjodzi yekudonha, kune zvakare njodzi dzinoverengeka dzevanodzima moto kuti vacheke kuvhura padenga remba. Kutanga, kana contour yekucheka inenge yapera, uye kana denga risati rakananga pamusoro peimwe ye-wide-spacing steel joists , Iyo yakachekwa yepamusoro ndiro inogona kuerekana yakotama kana kusungirirwa pasi mumoto. Kana tsoka imwe yemudzimi wemoto yakachekwa padenga remba, anogona kurasikirwa nechiyero chake ndokuwira mumoto uri pazasi nesaha (mufananidzo 5) .(138)
Simbi mikova-yakakanuka simbi inotsigira kugoverazve huremu hwezvidhinha pamusoro pekuvhurwa kwemahwindo nemasuo. Aya mashizha esimbi anowanzo shandiswa mu "L" maumbirwo ekuvhura madiki, nepo I-matanda anoshandiswa pakuvhurwa kukuru. Tel yemusuwo yakasungirirwa mumadziro emasoni kune mamwe mativi ekuvhura. Kungofanana nedzimwe simbi, kana tambo yemusuwo yapisa, inotanga kuwedzera nekumonyoroka. Kukundikana kwesimbi lintel kunogona kuita kuti rusvingo rwepamusoro ruparare (mifananidzo 6 uye 7).
Facade - nzvimbo yekunze yechivako. Chiedza chesimbi zvikamu zvinoumba chimiro che facade. Mvura yepurasita isina mvura inoshandiswa kuvhara denga remba. Simbi yakareruka ichakurumidza kurasikirwa nekusimba kwechimiro uye kusimba mumoto. Kufefetedza kwedenga remba kunogona kuwanikwa nekupwanya gypsum sheath pane kuisa vanodzima moto padenga. Kusimba kwepurasita iyi yekunze kwakafanana neplasterboard inoshandiswa mumadziro mazhinji emukati edzimba. Mushure mekunge gypsum sheath yaiswa panzvimbo, muvaki anoisa Styrofoam® pane plaster uye obva apfeka plaster (mifananidzo 8, 9).
Denga pamusoro. Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuvaka denga reimba yechivako zviri nyore kugadzira. Kutanga, zvipikiri zvesimbi zvekushongedza zve-Q zvakasungirirwa kune zvakasimbiswa joists. Zvadaro, isa foam insulation material paQ-shaped decoration board uye uigadzirire kune dheki nemasikiru. Mushure mekunge iyo yekudzivirira yaiswa panzvimbo, namatidza firimu rerubha kune furo insulation zvinhu kuti upedze pamusoro pedenga.
Kune matenga akadzika, imwe nzvimbo yedenga yaungasangana nayo ndeye polystyrene foam insulation, yakafukidzwa ne3/8 inch latex yakagadziridzwa kongiri.
Rudzi rwechitatu rwepamusoro pedenga rine dhizaini yeyakaomesesa insulation material yakasungirirwa padenga remba. Ipapo iyo asphalt inonzwa bepa inonamirwa kune iyo insulation layer ine inopisa asphalt. Dombo rinobva raiswa pamusoro pedenga remba kuti rigadzirise panzvimbo uye kudzivirira iyo inonzwa membrane.
Kune rudzi urwu rwekugadzirisa, usafunga nezvekucheka denga. Mikana yekudonha ndeye 5 kusvika kumaminitsi gumi, saka hapana nguva yakakwana yekufefetedza denga zvakachengeteka. Izvo zvinodikanwa kupinza mhepo yedenga kuburikidza neyakachinjika kufefetera (kutyora nepakati pefacade yechivako) pane kuisa zvikamu padenga. Kucheka chero chikamu chetruss kunogona kuita kuti denga rose redenga ripunzike. Sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, mapuranga edenga anogona kusungirirwa pasi pasi pehuremu hwemitezo inocheka denga, nokudaro kutumira vanhu muchivako chemoto. Iyo indasitiri ine ruzivo rwakakwana mumatiraki akareruka uye inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya kuti uibvise kubva padenga kana nhengo dzichionekwa (mufananidzo 10).
Yakaturikwa sirin'i aruminiyamu kana simbi grid system, nesimbi waya yakaturikwa parutsigiro rwedenga. Iyo grid system ichagadzirisa ese sirin'i mataira kuti aumbe sirin'i yakapera. Nzvimbo iri pamusoro pesirin'i yakamiswa inopa njodzi huru kune vanodzima moto. Inonyanya kunzi "attic" kana "truss void", inogona kuvanza moto nemirazvo. Kana nzvimbo iyi yapinda, inoputika kabhoni monoxide inogona kubatidzwa, zvichiita kuti grid system yese iparare. Iwe unofanirwa kutarisa imba yevashandi nokukurumidza kana moto ukaitika, uye kana moto ukangoerekana waputika kubva padenga, vose vanodzima moto vanofanira kubvumirwa kutiza chivakwa. Nharembozha dzaizochajwa zvakare dzakaiswa pedyo nemusuwo, uye vese vanodzima moto vaive vakapfeka midziyo yakazara yekubuda. Magetsi wiring, HVAC system zvikamu uye magasi mitsara angori mamwe emasevhisi ekuvaka anogona kuvanzwa mumavoids ematrusses. Mapaipi akawanda egasi echisikigo anogona kupinda padenga remba uye anoshandiswa kupisa moto pamusoro pezvivakwa (mifananidzo 11 ne12).
Mazuva ano, simbi uye matanda matanda akaiswa mumhando dzose dzezvivako, kubva kudzimba dzepachivande kusvika kune zvivako zvepamusoro zvehofisi, uye chisarudzo chekubvisa vanodzima moto chinogona kuonekwa kare mukushanduka kwemoto. Nguva yekuvakwa kweiyo truss chimiro chave chakareba zvekuti vese vatungamiriri vemoto vanofanira kuziva kuti zvivako zviri mairi zvinobata sei kana moto ukaitika uye kutora zviito zvinoenderana.
Kuti agadzirire nemazvo masekete akabatanidzwa, anofanirwa kutanga nepfungwa yakajairika yekuvaka kuvaka. Francis L. Brannigan's "Fire Building Structure", yechitatu edition (National Fire Protection Association, 1992) uye bhuku raDunn rakabudiswa kwenguva yakati, uye inofanirwa-kuverengwa kune nhengo dzose dzebhuku redhipatimendi remoto.
Sezvo isu kazhinji tisina nguva yekubvunza mainjiniya ekuvaka panzvimbo yemoto, basa reIC nderekufanotaura shanduko ichaitika kana chivako chiri kutsva. Kana iwe uri mukuru kana uchishuvira kuve mukuru, unofanirwa kudzidziswa mukuvaka.
JOHN MILES ndiye kaputeni weNew York Fire Department, akagoverwa kumanera rechi35. Pakutanga, akashanda semutungamiriri wemanera makumi matatu neshanu uye semudzimi wemoto weiyo 34th manera uye 82nd injini. (NJ) Dhipatimendi reMoto uye Spring Valley (NY) Dhipatimendi reMoto, uye ari murairidzi paRockland County Fire Training Center muPomona, New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) murwi ane makore 33 eruzivo rwebasa remoto, uye aive mukuru weVail River (NJ) Dhipatimendi reMoto. Ane dhigirii ra master mukutonga kweruzhinji uye inhengo yedare remazano reBergen County (NJ) Chikoro cheMutemo uye Dziviriro Yeruzhinji.
Mu "Fire Engineering" yakabudiswa muna Kubvumbi 2006, takakurukura nyaya dzinofanira kufungwa kana moto ukaitika mune imwe imba yekutengeserana. Pano, tichaongorora zvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zvekuvaka zvinogona kukanganisa nzira yako yekudzivirira moto.
Pasi apa, tinotora chivakwa chesimbi chivakwa chakawanda-storey semuenzaniso wekuratidza kuti chinokanganisa sei kugadzikana kwechivako chimwe nechimwe pamatanho akasiyana-siyana echivako (mifananidzo 1, 2).
Column structural member ine compression effect. Vanofambisa huremu hwedenga uye vanochiendesa pasi. Kukundikana kwekoramu kunogona kukonzera kuparara kamwe kamwe kwechikamu kana yese yechivako. Mumuenzaniso uyu, zvidzitiro zvakagadzirirwa padhi rekrete pazinga repasi uye rakasungirirwa kuI-beam pedyo nepamusoro pedenga. Muchiitiko chemoto, matanda esimbi ari padenga kana kureba kwedenga anopisa uye otanga kuwedzera nekumonyoroka. Simbi yakawedzerwa inokwanisa kukwevera mbiru kure nendege yayo yakatwasuka. Pakati pezvinhu zvose zvekuvaka, kukundikana kwekoramu ndiyo ngozi huru. Kana ukaona koramu inoratidzika kunge yakatenuka kana kuti isina kumira mushe, ndapota zivisa Incident Commander (IC) nekukasika. Chivako chinofanirwa kubviswa nekukasira uye kufona kunofanirwa kuitwa (mufananidzo 3).
Simbi danda-danda rakachinjika rinotsigira mamwe matanda. Mabhanhire akagadzirwa kuti atakure zvinhu zvinorema, uye anotsamira pamatanda. Sezvo moto nekupisa zvinotanga kubvisa magidhi, simbi inotanga kutora kupisa. Panenge pa1,100 ° F, simbi inozotanga kupera. Pakupisa uku, simbi inotanga kuwedzera uye kumonyoroka. Danda resimbi rakareba mafiti 100 rinogona kukura nemasendimita anenge gumi. Kana simbi yangotanga kukura nekumonyoroka, makoramu anotsigira matanda esimbi anotangawo kufamba. Kuwedzera kwesimbi kunogona kuita kuti madziro kumativi ose egirder asundire kunze (kana simbi inorovera mumadziro ezvidhina), izvo zvingaita kuti rusvingo rukotame kana kuputika (mufananidzo 4).
Simbi yakareruka truss beam joists- dandadzo rakaenzanirana resimbi dzakareruka, dzinoshandiswa kutsigira pasi kana matenga emateru. Kumberi, kwepakati uye kumashure kwesimbi matanda echivakwa anotsigira lightweight trusses. Iyo joist inosungirirwa kune danda resimbi. Muchiitiko chemoto, truss isingaremi inokurumidza kutora kupisa uye inogona kukundikana mukati memaminitsi mashanu kusvika gumi. Kana denga rakashongedzerwa nemhepo yekufemesa uye zvimwe midziyo, kudonha kunogona kuitika nekukurumidza. Usaedza kucheka denga rakasimbiswa joist. Kuita izvi kunogona kucheka chord yepamusoro yetruss, iyo huru inotakura mutoro, uye inogona kukonzera iyo yese truss chimiro uye denga kudonha.
Kupatsanurwa kwemajoists kunogona kuita mafiti mana kusvika masere kure. Yakakura kudaro spacing ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei usingade kucheka denga nemajoini esimbi akareruka uye Q-yakaita denga remba. Mutevedzeri weKomisheni weNew York Fire Department (akarega) Vincent Dunn (Vincent Dunn) akataura mu "Kuparara kweMoto Kurwisa Zvivako: Nhungamiro Yekuchengetedzwa Kwemoto" (Fire Engineering Books and Videos, 1988): "Musiyano pakati pehuni. majoists nesimbi Yakakosha dhizaini misiyano Iyo yepamusoro itsigiro system yejoists ndiko kuparadzaniswa kwezvijoi. Kupatsanurwa pakati pesimbi yakavhurika mesh joists inosvika 8 tsoka, zvichienderana nehukuru hwesimbi mbariro uye denga remba. Iyo yakafara nzvimbo pakati pejoists kunyangwe pasina simbi joists Muchiitiko chenjodzi yekudonha, kune zvakare njodzi dzinoverengeka dzevanodzima moto kuti vacheke kuvhura padenga remba. Kutanga, kana contour yekucheka inenge yapera, uye kana denga risati rakananga pamusoro peimwe ye-wide-spacing steel joists , Iyo yakachekwa yepamusoro ndiro inogona kuerekana yakotama kana kusungirirwa pasi mumoto. Kana tsoka imwe yemudzimi wemoto yakachekwa padenga remba, anogona kurasikirwa nechiyero chake ndokuwira mumoto uri pazasi nesaha (mufananidzo 5) .(138)
Simbi mikova-yakakanuka simbi inotsigira kugoverazve huremu hwezvidhinha pamusoro pekuvhurwa kwemahwindo nemasuo. Aya mashizha esimbi anowanzo shandiswa mu "L" maumbirwo ekuvhura madiki, nepo I-matanda anoshandiswa pakuvhurwa kukuru. Tel yemusuwo yakasungirirwa mumadziro emasoni kune mamwe mativi ekuvhura. Kungofanana nedzimwe simbi, kana tambo yemusuwo yapisa, inotanga kuwedzera nekumonyoroka. Kukundikana kwesimbi lintel kunogona kuita kuti rusvingo rwepamusoro ruparare (mifananidzo 6 uye 7).
Facade - nzvimbo yekunze yechivako. Chiedza chesimbi zvikamu zvinoumba chimiro che facade. Mvura yepurasita isina mvura inoshandiswa kuvhara denga remba. Simbi yakareruka ichakurumidza kurasikirwa nekusimba kwechimiro uye kusimba mumoto. Kufefetedza kwedenga remba kunogona kuwanikwa nekupwanya gypsum sheath pane kuisa vanodzima moto padenga. Kusimba kwepurasita iyi yekunze kwakafanana neplasterboard inoshandiswa mumadziro mazhinji emukati edzimba. Mushure mekunge gypsum sheath yaiswa panzvimbo, muvaki anoisa Styrofoam® pane plaster uye obva apfeka plaster (mifananidzo 8, 9).
Denga pamusoro. Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuvaka denga reimba yechivako zviri nyore kugadzira. Kutanga, zvipikiri zvesimbi zvekushongedza zve-Q zvakasungirirwa kune zvakasimbiswa joists. Zvadaro, isa foam insulation material paQ-shaped decoration board uye uigadzirire kune dheki nemasikiru. Mushure mekunge iyo yekudzivirira yaiswa panzvimbo, namatidza firimu rerubha kune furo insulation zvinhu kuti upedze pamusoro pedenga.
Kune matenga akadzika, imwe nzvimbo yedenga yaungasangana nayo ndeye polystyrene foam insulation, yakafukidzwa ne3/8 inch latex yakagadziridzwa kongiri.
Rudzi rwechitatu rwepamusoro pedenga rine dhizaini yeyakaomesesa insulation material yakasungirirwa padenga remba. Ipapo iyo asphalt inonzwa bepa inonamirwa kune iyo insulation layer ine inopisa asphalt. Dombo rinobva raiswa pamusoro pedenga remba kuti rigadzirise panzvimbo uye kudzivirira iyo inonzwa membrane.
Kune rudzi urwu rwekugadzirisa, usafunga nezvekucheka denga. Mikana yekudonha ndeye 5 kusvika kumaminitsi gumi, saka hapana nguva yakakwana yekufefetedza denga zvakachengeteka. Izvo zvinodikanwa kupinza mhepo yedenga kuburikidza neyakachinjika kufefetera (kutyora nepakati pefacade yechivako) pane kuisa zvikamu padenga. Kucheka chero chikamu chetruss kunogona kuita kuti denga rose redenga ripunzike. Sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, mapuranga edenga anogona kusungirirwa pasi pasi pehuremu hwemitezo inocheka denga, nokudaro kutumira vanhu muchivako chemoto. Iyo indasitiri ine ruzivo rwakakwana mumatiraki akareruka uye inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya kuti uibvise kubva padenga kana nhengo dzichionekwa (mufananidzo 10).
Yakaturikwa sirin'i aruminiyamu kana simbi grid system, nesimbi waya yakaturikwa parutsigiro rwedenga. Iyo grid system ichagadzirisa ese sirin'i mataira kuti aumbe sirin'i yakapera. Nzvimbo iri pamusoro pesirin'i yakamiswa inopa njodzi huru kune vanodzima moto. Inonyanya kunzi "attic" kana "truss void", inogona kuvanza moto nemirazvo. Kana nzvimbo iyi yapinda, inoputika kabhoni monoxide inogona kubatidzwa, zvichiita kuti grid system yese iparare. Iwe unofanirwa kutarisa imba yevashandi nokukurumidza kana moto ukaitika, uye kana moto ukangoerekana waputika kubva padenga, vose vanodzima moto vanofanira kubvumirwa kutiza chivakwa. Nharembozha dzaizochajwa zvakare dzakaiswa pedyo nemusuwo, uye vese vanodzima moto vaive vakapfeka midziyo yakazara yekubuda. Magetsi wiring, HVAC system zvikamu uye magasi mitsara angori mamwe emasevhisi ekuvaka anogona kuvanzwa mumavoids ematrusses. Mapaipi akawanda egasi echisikigo anogona kupinda padenga remba uye anoshandiswa kupisa moto pamusoro pezvivakwa (mifananidzo 11 ne12).
Mazuva ano, simbi uye matanda matanda akaiswa mumhando dzose dzezvivako, kubva kudzimba dzepachivande kusvika kune zvivako zvepamusoro zvehofisi, uye chisarudzo chekubvisa vanodzima moto chinogona kuonekwa kare mukushanduka kwemoto. Nguva yekuvakwa kweiyo truss chimiro chave chakareba zvekuti vese vatungamiriri vemoto vanofanira kuziva kuti zvivako zviri mairi zvinobata sei kana moto ukaitika uye kutora zviito zvinoenderana.
Kuti agadzirire nemazvo masekete akabatanidzwa, anofanirwa kutanga nepfungwa yakajairika yekuvaka kuvaka. Francis L. Brannigan's "Fire Building Structure", yechitatu edition (National Fire Protection Association, 1992) uye bhuku raDunn rakabudiswa kwenguva yakati, uye inofanirwa-kuverengwa kune nhengo dzose dzebhuku redhipatimendi remoto.
Sezvo isu kazhinji tisina nguva yekubvunza mainjiniya ekuvaka panzvimbo yemoto, basa reIC nderekufanotaura shanduko ichaitika kana chivako chiri kutsva. Kana iwe uri mukuru kana uchishuvira kuve mukuru, unofanirwa kudzidziswa mukuvaka.
JOHN MILES ndiye kaputeni weNew York Fire Department, akagoverwa kumanera rechi35. Pakutanga, akashanda semutungamiriri wemanera makumi matatu neshanu uye semudzimi wemoto weiyo 34th manera uye 82nd injini. (NJ) Dhipatimendi reMoto uye Spring Valley (NY) Dhipatimendi reMoto, uye ari murairidzi paRockland County Fire Training Center muPomona, New York.
John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) murwi ane makore 33 eruzivo rwebasa remoto, uye aive mukuru weVail River (NJ) Dhipatimendi reMoto. Ane dhigirii ra master mukutonga kweruzhinji uye inhengo yedare remazano reBergen County (NJ) Chikoro cheMutemo uye Dziviriro Yeruzhinji.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-26-2021