Vagadziri vezvivakwa uye vagadziri kubva kumafemu anotungamira, pamwe nevapesvedzera uye nyanzvi, vanozoongorora kusimba uye kusasimba kweazvino dhizaini kufunga nekuita, kuongorora nyaya dzakadai sekutsvaga, tekinoroji uye hutano.
Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakadzama, maonero akadzama, uye kurondedzera kwakadzama, nhengo dzeMetropolis dzinokupa zvishandiso zvauchazoda mugore rinouya.
Muna 2019, mamuseum maviri anonzi Bauhaus akaonekwa mumagariro echiGerman. Kutora mukana wezana remakore rechikoro chekugadzira, iyo Bauhaus Museum muWeimar ndiyo yekutanga kubuda pamasuwo ayo, yakavhurwa kutanga kwaApril. Matinya mashoma gare gare, iyo Bauhaus Museum muDessau yakatevera saiti mukutanga kwaGunyana. Chirongwa chechitatu, kunonoka kuwedzera kweWalter Gropius's 1979 Bauhaus Gestaltung Archive/Museum muBerlin, haina kuramba ichimhanya uye yaitarisirwa kuvhurwa kwemamwe makore akati wandei.
Parizvino muBerlin, keel yaKaputeni Gropius yakaputsikirwa nechikepe mugomba rine madhaka uye chirongwa chake chakaendeswa kune imwe yenguva pfupi. Chivako ichi, chakavakwa muna 1976, gore rimwechete iro GDR yakavakazve Dessau kembasi muKapitan yakavhurwa muna 1979, haina kumbobvira yanyanya kufarirwa kunyangwe nekuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekufamba kwetsoka kubva pakadonha Rusvingo rweBerlin. Izvi sezviri pachena zvakakonzerwa nekubvumirana: chirongwa chepakutanga chaGropius muna 1964 chenzvimbo yakatenuka muDarmstadt, taundi diki pedyo neFrankfurt, yakakanganiswa nevezvematongerwo enyika veko. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira makore gumi akatevera, pashure porufu rwaGropius, apo purojekiti yakawana nzvimbo mune yaichimbova West Berlin. Zvisinei, kukanganisa uku kwakavhiringidza chirongwa chepakutanga uye kwaida kugadziriswa kukuru (kunyanya kushandurwa kwechivako kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo) neGropius 'mubatsiri Alex Cianovich.
Chero hupenyu kubva mugwaro rekutanga hwakauraiwa zvine hunyanzvi mushanduro yekupedzisira yakacheneruka. Mumashoko emutsoropodzi Sibylla Moholy-Nagy, ndeye modular, isina kutenda mukufunga kwayo uye inobvisa, "isina chishuwo chinopisa chekugona kutsva." Akashandisa mukana wese kutarisana naGropius mumazuva ake ekare ehurumende. Iyo yepamusoro, iyo, inopesana nemukurumbira wechikoro, yakanga iri chikonzero chekufunganya kwemhizha pakati pevagadziri veBauhaus, yaiva matte. Denga rakadzika denga rine mukurumbira, pamwe nemhepo inomonereka ramp yakawedzerwa naCvijanovic, inovavarira kureba asi inotadza. Yakanga isiri iyo Bauhaus.
Nyaya yeBauhaus Archives inodzidzisa nokuti inoratidza dambudziko rekuvaka "brand", kunyanya rudzi rwechinyakare seBauhaus. Mashiripiti haangogone kudzoserwa, sekungofanana nenhamo inova farce uye farce inova memetic nihilism. Nepo guta rega rega pasirese riri kuburitsa zvivakwa "zvazvino", vane zvakawanda zvakafanana nezvikoro zvine mukurumbira zvekugadzira zvezana ramakore rechi20 pane nehutachiona hweIKEA neAlucobond.
Zvisinei, nyanzvi yeBauhaus yakanga iri mumamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika anopisa ayo akamanikidza kuti ivepo. Mumabota ehondo dzenyika, mudzimu mutsva wakamuka, uyo Gropius akaratidzira mumanifesto yake ya1919 pakuvambwa kwechikoro muWeimar. “Crystallization” ndiro izwi rinokosha, sezvakaita kuraira kwake kusingakanganwiki: “Unyanzvi hunofanira pakupedzisira kuwana kutaura kwahwo kwakajeka mubasa guru rounyanzvi. Iri basa rakakura reunyanzvi, ino remangwana cathedral, Hunza kuwanda kwechiedza muzvinhu zvidiki zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. upenyu.”
Hazvisi masanga, saka, kuti mufananidzo wakakopwa wepakutanga Weimar nguva yeBauhaus yaive yemapuranga yakaitwa naLionel Feininger inoratidzira prismatic "socialist cathedral". Uku ndiko kugarisana kwaWilliam Morris, wepanyika uye wehama, achizvipira kumanzwiro ekunzwa uye musimboti wezvipenyu pamberi pechikonzero chekushandisa. Art, ndiko kuti, crafting, ichave chenjedzo pakurwisa kutyisa kwehondo dzemichina uko mabhunu ari kumusha nekune dzimwe nyika achaenda.
Chii chinodiwa mukutarisana nekupokana kwakadaro manzwiro uye vanhu, uye zviri nani kutora chinzvimbo ichi kupfuura muWeimar, nzvimbo yetsinga yeGerman Enlightenment, kwakaberekerwa Goethe naSchiller? Asi nenguva isipi mutauri wechiEsperanto uyo aigara mumasitudiyo eBauhaus akashanduka kuita mumwezve dhizaini, ane kona uye akakamukana, zvimwe zvichibva pabasa raTheo van Doburg's De Stijlist.
Heike Hanada, mugadziri wezvivakwa akagadzira iyo Bauhaus Museum muWeimar, akange aine simba shoma rekutenga kune chero pesvedzero. A squat kongiri cube, inoratidza kumwe kunetseka kwakavanzwa mukutaura, asi inoramba nyasha dzayo dzinoponesa. Zvakakodzera zvakapiwa kukosha kwemutemo weWeimar wekutsakatiswa kunotsigirwa nemuchina weNazi, pamwe nenzvimbo iri padyo neGauforum (chivako chekutonga uko mutemo wakagadzirwa) uye musasa wevasungwa weBuchenwald (uko mutemo wakaitwa). Vhoriyamu ye museum ine mahwindo mashoma chete, ayo anopa pfungwa yakasimba yekusimba. Iyo nzira inoratidzika kunge yemukati isina kunaka kutangwa dai isiri yemukati ine mhepo, iyo zvisinei inotambura nekunyanya kukoshesa pane yepakati, yakamanikana masitepisi.
Kune ese akamanikidzwa uye anorema mabheji, iyi haisi "silo" sekutaura kunoita vamwe vanoongorora. Kutsoropodza kwezvivakwa kwagara kuine gungano rinoshungurudza nekuenzanisa. Muchiitiko ichi, muedzo unonzwisisika - padyo neGauforum uye dare riri padyo iro rakambobata zita rekuremekedza ra "Adolf Hitlerplatz" - uye, chero zvazvingava, inonongedza kushanduro A yemutemo waDerwin: chero hurukuro yeBauhaus ichatungamira. kuNazism.
Chikoro chakatanga kudzingwa muWeimar apo vakuru vepurovhinzi vane hasha vakabvisa mari. Akatamira kuDessau uye chikoro chakapedza makore acho egoridhe (1926) paGropius campus hatching. Gropius akapfuudza baton kune communist anonyemwerera (uye nepamusoro pezvivakwa) Hannes Meyer. Chikoro chakawedzera, uye panguva imwecheteyo, vadzidzi vakabatikana zvizere nenyika kunze kwemastudio avo. Iri rakava dambudziko, Meyer akamanikidzwa kuenda uye Mies van der Rohe akapinda mugomba. Akasiya zvidzidzo uye akaisa pfungwa dzake kubva padzimba dzevashandi, pamwe chete nekushambadzira, kupenda, zvivezwa, uye theatre, kuenda kuimba yaPlato-girazi villa. Kuongorora kwemudzidzi kwezvakavanzika zveindasitiri nenhoroondo kunotungamirwa kune munwe-kune-muromo kudzidza kwechimiro chekuvaka. Asi zvakanaka, nekuti hembe dzebrown dziri kubuda pano, uye dzimwe dzinotopinda muBauhausler. Vakadaidza chikoro ichi "aquarium" ndokuchitumira kuBerlin, uko chakazokundwa nekutyisidzirwa kweKulturkampf.
Iyo Bauhaus yaive mumwe wevakatanga kubatwa nefascism, izvo zvakakonzera kupararira kwevatungamiriri vayo kuyambuka miganhu uye hemispheres. (Moholy-Nagy zvakare: “Muna 1933 Hitler akazunungusa muti uye America yakakohwa zvibereko zvoungwaru hweGermany.”) Pakasvika kupera kwezana rino ramakore, Gropius, Breuer navamwe vakanga vachigamuchirwa mumwoyo wenyika yeAmerica youngwaru. . Uye "kunzwa" - benzi rezita raakapiwa neshamwari itsva - akatanga kudzima zvinyorwa. Nguva yeWeimar yakaurayiwa zvachose, uye ikozvino socialist yechikoro yakatungamirirwa zvakare. Chasara iBauhaus yake muDessau, inzvimbo yazvino yazvino kuNyika Yekare.
Iyo Bauhaus ndiyo yaive linchpin yeCIA yakapfava simba zano rekukanganisa mushure meHondo Yenyika II Soviet Union yepamusoro. Dessau, yunivhesiti uye guta raive pasi pekutonga kweSoviet, asi Bauhaus chaiyo, sedemocracy, yaigara munyika yekutanga. Sezvo nyanzvi dzakadai saKathleen James-Chakraborty dzakaratidza, maitiro akasiyana-siyana emazuva ano akange aripo kare, panguva imwe chete uye kunyange mushure meGermany Bauhaus - Neues Bauen, Expressionism, Weimar Lichtreklame - akapinzwa zviri pamutemo muBauhaus, mhando ichave. zvinounzwa pasi rose. . NATO boka.
Asi mukugadzirwa kwe echt Bauhaus yenyika yake yekuzvarwa, maoko maviri ndiwo anonyanya kukosha. Pamusoro pemakampasi echikoro, kune zvakare zvivakwa zvemabhuku, senge Gropius's master's villa yeBauhaus masters (indeterminate, Kandinsky, Moholy-Nagy), uye asiri ekudzidzisa, asiri-stucco mabasa, anoti Gropius Employment Office (1929) uye Hannes Meyer. Imba inonyengera iri nyore ine balcony (1930). MuWeimar, Haus am Horn muna 1923 yaive yekutanga kuyedza pamhando iyi. Kunyanya kubva kuCentral Germany kwaiva neMeyer's trade union school ADGB kuBernau, pedyo neBerlin, muna 1930. Kufanana nemusasa weDessau, uzere nemazano - uye anobatsira zvikuru - asi asina hanya neGropius 'Sachlichkeit chiratidzo.
Kunyangwe mushure mezana ramakore, zvivakwa zvichiri kutsemuka nekuda kwesimba razvo remuenzaniso. Ehe, zvinokwanisika kusave nekuchena kweLutheran, iyo vaBauhauslers vakatokanganisa muhukama hwavo hwemazuva ese. Kana kuti afflatus yemafungiro asina musoro ("kubatana kutsva"), kana rwiyo rwetekinoroji (unyanzvi nehunyanzvi, tekinoroji nehunyanzvi, ameni).
Zvakanaka, nekuda kweAdendum Architects, iyo studio kuseri kweBauhaus Museum Dessau muBarcelona, Spain. Iyo inobvisa iyo inonyanya kusemesa maficha eDessau Gang uchichengeta mitsetse yakaoma uye whimsical typography. Hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti chivako chacho chakatanhamara. Iyo dhizaini iri nyore kwazvo, yemhando yekubatana pakati pechokwadi uye chaiyo: horo yekuratidzira ine inoenderera yakajeka span inofukidza yakasanganiswa dhizaini imba ine inoenderera yakajeka span. Iyo hafu yepamusoro ine ruvara dema kuviga zviri mukati, ukuwo hafu yepasi ichisiya envelope inopenya.
So humble so far. Asi tichifunga nezvenzvimbo huru yechivako mupaki huru yedhorobha, mahwindo egirazi haana kujeka sezvaanofanira kuita. Vagadziri vezvivakwa vaida kubvisa facade (mumweya weBauhaus), kuitira kuti mukati nekunze dzisanyatsojeka, asi kunze kweizvozvo, kuvapo kwemuseum mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji kwairatidzika kunge kusinganzwisisike.
Zvichakadaro, kuwedzera kwemuseum muBerlin ndiko kwakanakisa kwemabasa matsva. Zvizhinji zvepurojekiti zvichavanzwa pasi pevhu, neshongwe ine nhurikidzwa shanu ichiva iyo chete inooneka superstructure pachirongwa. Iyo ine yakatetepa, parametric yakajairwa makoramu kunze, ichisiya mukati meuriri (yemuseum cafe uye shopu) yakavhurika zvachose. Staab Architekten yakatorwa nekomisheni muna 2015 uye zvaive zvine hungwaru kuchengetedza chinhambwe pakati pechivakwa chiripo nechayo, kuitira kubvisa zvirinani pesvedzero yakananga.
Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti, zvizhinji zvezvinoreva Bauhaus kunhoroondo zvine chekuita nebasa rekuvaka iro rine mhosva. Kunze kwezvivakwa zveMeyer uye kambasi yeDessau, "Bauhaus architecture" inotsausa zvishoma. Zvimwe zviitwa pachikoro, kubva pakuruka kusvika pakugadzira mapepa emadziro, kubva pakupenda kusvika pakushambadza, zvaive zvitsva uye zvichiri kutora pfungwa dzedu. (Kutaura zvazviri, iyo Bauhaus yakanga isina chirongwa chekuvaka kwehuzhinji hwekuvapo kwayo.)
Chii chichaita kuti vadzidzi varambe vakamuka husiku kana iyo Bauhaus ikagadziridzwa muna 2019? Uyu ndiwo mubvunzo wakabvunzwa nebhuku idzva Ramangwana reBauhaus (MIT Press), uye pakati pemhinduro dzakawanda dzakasiyana uye dzakakodzera nguva, zvivakwa, ndiko kuti, zvivakwa, hapana kwazvinowanikwa. Asi haugone kutangisa mishandirapamwe yekushanyirwa kwevanhu vazhinji nekuda kwemazano akaomeswa nechando - zvine njodzi pfuma yenjere.
Vangangove vafambi havabvumidzwewo kufamba mukati meAlbers Tapestry. Iwe haugone kugara mupendi yeKlee kana kudzvanya muviri wako uchipesana neratidziro yetii yaBrandt. Asi iwe unogona kukwira ndege, kubhururuka kuenda kuBerlin, kutora chitima kuenda kuDessau, kubata tekisi kuenda kuGropiusallee 38, kufamba nepakati peiyo (kupfuura matsvuku) magonhi matsvuku, kuisa mafoto pamasitepisi, muchitoro chezvipo, mukuchema. . muimba yekudyira ndimo mune pwere yako yakarasika. Iwe unogona kunyange kurara usiku hwose.
Iwe unogona zvakare kuda Kure neTemberi yeChikonzero, iyo Bauhaus igomba rakatsveyama.
Nyorera kutsamba yedu kuti ugamuchire zvigadziriso zvazvino, zvemukati zvemukati uye kunyorera zvinopihwa zvakananga kubhokisi rako rekutumira!
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-23-2022